But now technology and the increasingly pressing need to
measure rising seas look set to force a quiet revolution.
And the geodesists need the highly precise global coordinate system in order to
measure the rising sea level — exactly down to the millimeter.
Not exact matches
Exacerbating the issue is that owners of lower - priced homes likely don't have the resources to take preventative
measures against the
rising tides, like putting in
sea walls or making changes to foundations to withstand intermittent flooding.
And while some cities are taking
measures to resist
rising seas and make buildings withstand stronger winds, more residents are moving in, increasing risk exposure.
Not drowned, but uninhabitable To
measure sea - level
rise, scientists have historically used passive «bathtub» models that flood a given area in a concentric range.
This
sea level
rise is then concentrated to the north or south by the NAO, which is a
measure of the atmospheric pressure difference between Iceland and the Azores.
With the threat that a warmer world would melt glaciers, NASA wanted his group to
measure the ocean's height and track
sea level
rise.
And they want the companies to pay for
measures such as
sea walls to cope with
rising sea levels they blame on carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels.
On this spring day on Maryland's eastern shore, they were on a field trip to Assateague Island,
measuring the slope of the beach as the first step in a lesson on
sea - level
rise.
However, on the shelf where Shakhova
measured methane releases, the shallowness of the
sea and the fact that methane is released as bubbles mean that it
rises quickly to the surface and escapes into the atmosphere.
Thus, the data suggests that
rising seawater temperature caused by climate change has buffered against
measures for the protection of the Baltic
Sea.
Chris Perry, Professor of Geography in the College of Life and Environmental Sciences, and his team
measured changes to 28 reefs across the Chagos Archipelago, the remote British Indian Ocean Territory 300 miles south of the Maldives, that lost 90 per cent of its coral cover during 1998, when
sea temperatures
rose to unprecedented levels.
A project off Greenland will tag whales with sensors to
measure sea temperatures and ice melt in hard - to - reach places, improving predictions of
sea - level
rise
Suppose you managed to find some children who knew nothing about the oceans, handed them a long
measuring stick and sent them off to the seaside find out whether
sea level is
rising or falling.
WHITEHOUSE: I do come from an ocean state, and we do
measure the
rise in the
sea level and we
measure the warming of Narragansett Bay and we
measure the change in PH. It's serious for us, Senator.
They wait for something to go wrong,» said Poornima Madhavan, an assistant professor of psychology at Old Dominion University who studies human decision making and has conducted surveys in Norfolk to
measure local understanding of
sea level
rise.
«Today we're
measuring global
sea level
rise in millimetres per year,» DeConto says.
The slowdown refers to slower - than - expected rates at which temperatures
measured on the land and at
sea surfaces have been
rising since the turn of the century.
«Hybrid» solution with small barriers affordable now Assuming a «middle climate change» scenario of about a foot of
sea - level
rise by midcentury, the team further assessed the cost - effectiveness of each flood - control strategy by
measuring whether its benefits, or avoided risk, would outweigh the investment costs.
Without additional protection
measures, 1 foot of
sea - level
rise will inundate nearly 60 square miles of the tri-state region.
Measuring sea level is an increasingly important part of climate research, and a
rising mean
sea level is one of the most tangible consequences of climate change.
To fill in the holes in the
sea level
rise models, the researchers used a sensor that
measures seismic waves and tracked the glacier calving.
«We can't stop the
sea from
rising, but we can live with it if we take additional
measures to adapt.
The global mean temperature
rise of less than 1 degree C in the past century does not seem like much, but it is associated with a winter temperature
rise of 3 to 4 degrees C over most of the Arctic in the past 20 years, unprecedented loss of ice from all the tropical glaciers, a decrease of 15 to 20 % in late summer
sea ice extent,
rising sealevel, and a host of other
measured signs of anomalous and rapid climate change.
Thanks in large part to satellite measurements, scientists» skill in
measuring how much
sea levels are
rising on a global scale - currently 0.13 inch (3.4 millimeters) per year - has improved dramatically over the past quarter century.
Oceanographer Benjamin Hamlington set out to see if he could find an El Niño
sea level
rise signal around U.S. coasts, by putting together data from tide gauges and satellite altimeters, which
measure sea surface heights.
Figure 5: Total
sea level
rise as
measured by altimeter satellites and confirmed by tidal gauges (black line).
Small - island communities in the Philippines prefer local
measures to relocation in response to
sea - level
rise.
What's happening in Antarctica, how we
measure irreversible climate change, and what it means for coastal cities that
sea - levels all around the world will
rise by 1.5 m.
When
sea levels
rose at the end of the Ice Age, the once dry cave filled with
sea water producing the hole that now
measures 1000 feet across with a depth of over 460 feet.
It obscures the role of post-glacial isostatic rebound elsewhere, as in Hudson's Bay and the Baltic, both in forcing more water into the ocean and in some locales raising land faster than the
measured rate of
sea level
rise [ANDY REVKIN notes: Hi Russell.
Thus, otherwise quite conservative voices have been stressing the «unknown unknown» nature of this problem and suggesting that, based on paleo - data (for instance), it was really hard to rule out
sea level
rises measured in feet, and not in inches.
Jim has made his actually worst case scenarios abundantly clear in many interviews, in the Washington Post for instance: «
sea level
rise that can be
measured by feet more than inches», and in the ERL papers itself «
measured in meters», and in the quote you picked up on.
Simply
measuring a few degrees
rise in temperature and guessing the effect on storms and
sea levels tells only a very small part of the story on man's effect on our environment.
«Alaskan and immediately adjacent Canadian glaciers supply one of the largest
measured glaciological contributions to global
sea level
rise (~ 0.14 mm yr - 1, equivalent to new estimates from Greenland).
The same is true for one source of
sea - level
rise, Greenland melting
measured by GRACE: GRACE is a new instrument demanding calibration and Greenland a region known for its marked pluridecadal variability.
A point about
sea - level: in this discussion (off topic), many consider that recent and short term trends
measured by T - P or Jason can be extrapolated to the whole 21st century, and some even sugest an exponential
rise.
Cazenave, A., D. P. Chambers, P. Cipollini, L. L. Fu, J. W. Hurell, M. Merrifield, R. S. Nerem, H. P. Plag, C. K. Shum, and J. Willis, 2010: The challenge of
measuring sea level
rise and regional and global trends, Geodetic observations of ocean surface topography, ocean currents, ocean mass, and ocean volume changes.
As apart of the «Moving Planet» campaign organized by 350.org, activists created a giant human - windmill in Paris, gave out bike lessons in Buenos Aires, practiced evacuation
measure in the Pacific island of Tuvalu imperiled by
rising sea levels, and marched in Cape Town for a strong agreement at the next UN climate meeting hosted in Durban, South Africa.
The Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact is a bipartisan initiative where local governments from four major counties — with a combined population of 5.6 million — are developing and implementing comprehensive
measures to address climate impacts like
sea - level
rise.
Geographer Associate Professor Paul Kench has
measured 27 islands where local
sea levels have
risen 120 mm — an average of 2 mm a year — over the past 60 years, and found that just four had diminished in size.
Since 9 inches of
sea level
rise has been
measured in Florida, many of those homes would not have flooded without
sea level
rise.
Communities must weigh the costs and risks of accommodating the
rising seas, retreating from them, or trying to defend coastal properties and infrastructure with protective
measures.
Climate scientists have been able to close the
sea level «budget» by accounting for the various factors that are causing average global
sea levels to
rise at the
measured rate of about 3.2 millimeters per year since 1992 (when altimeters were launched into space to truly
measure global
sea level).
You can also see when
measured in context,
sea level
rise has slowed down rapidly beginning 8000 years ago and has been near constant for the last 6000 years.
Most interesting is that the about monthly variations correlate with the lunar phases (peak on full moon) The Helsinki Background measurements 1935 The first background measurements in history; sampling data in vertical profile every 50 - 100m up to 1,5 km; 364 ppm underthe clouds and above Haldane measurements at the Scottish coast 370 ppmCO2 in winds from the
sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern;
measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the
sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over
sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents
Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
Sea);
measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over
sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926;
rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly average
Because ice sheets contain so much ice and have the potential to raise or lower global
sea level so dramatically,
measuring the mass balance of the ice sheets and tracking any mass balance changes and their causes is very important for forecasting
sea level
rise.
Hereabouts, subsidence accounted for about half the «alarming» rate of
sea level
rise along the coast as
measured by tide gauges.
DIVA is a global model to estimate impacts of
sea level
rise on all coastal nations as well as the costs and benefits of possible adaptation
measures.
Climate change,
sea level
rise, Greenland Ice Sheet, Antarctic ice loss, glaciers, using satellite data and laser altimetry to
measure the Earth