Non-linear features that have become more widely used include:
measures of entropy (sample entropy and approximate entropy), which
measure irregularity and randomness of
signals; detrended fluctuation analysis, to distinguish between short - term internal variations and longer term variations;
power law exponent, which determines the fractal nature of the interbeat interval
signal; and recurrence quantification analysis, a method to quantify repeating instances of
signals, as well as algorithms such as Teager - Kaiser energy and Lempel - Ziv complexity.