Sentences with phrase «measured by their proxy»

The point being that these very ancient discrepancies exist but, as noted in the post (follow the «controversial» link) the correlation with CRF over geological time with temperature as measured by proxy data has not been established.

Not exact matches

Then Minister of Culture Jek Yeun Thong defended the measures, saying in Parliament that the local press would remain free as long as «no attempt is made by them, or through their proxies, to glorify undesirable viewpoints and philosophies.»

It is not a perfect analogy but — except, of course, for the part in which analyses that use the number of bookshops as a proxy for literacy are widely ridiculed — it is nonetheless similar to what happens when the health of the Chinese economy is measured by the reported GDP data, or when second - order measures, such as the dependence of Chinese growth on debt, is estimated by looking at credit growth in relation to GDP growth.

In that case, the number of bookshops, which is a systems output — generated organically by the size of the city, the rate of literacy, the income of residents, and other relevant factors — would serve as a proxy for literacy, while population or income would serve as proxies for whatever variable one wants to measure.

Definitely worth watching this youtube below by Gary Savage who uses the $ XVG Value Line Geometric Average as a proxy as it measures all the stocks in the US Market - Robert Zurrer for Money Talks

My recollection is by this point in the book he'd had to substitute a proxy scaled market, and argue for the applicability of the measures over short time scales, so this suggests to me a major re-jig of my portfolio would be premature.

Is it measured by the number of israeli spies working in the US or the wars by proxy that the US was dragged into in the middle east!

«Calorie availability» is a measure used by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization as a proxy for overall food consumption.

Thus, on the one hand, Volodin has cancelled the Duma's traditional New Year's party; the summer vacation might be shortened; United Russia has formalized measures to filter legislative initiatives, partly with a view to limiting the emergence of odd, PR - motivated bills; opportunities for deputies to miss plenary sessions and vote by proxy have been significantly reduced, with the penalty of pay deductions for absenteeism; and deputies are now required to deal personally with appeals from citizens.

He has then created an urbanity index by overlaying 2001 Census data on population density — a proxy measure for urbanity — onto these marginal seats.

«Instruments, Proxies, and Simulations: Exploring the Imperfect Measures of Climate» by Craigmile and Bo Li, associate professor in the department of statistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Brain response was gauged by functional MRI, which measures changes in blood flow as a proxy for neural activity.

The climate change «hockey stick» is a graph first published in 1998 by Michael Mann et al. that attempted to reconstruct the mean surface temperature on the planet during the period A. D. 900 to the present, using multiple proxies, such as tree rings, to measure temperatures before formal instrumentation was in use.

The loss of mGluR5 or p11 appeared to dampen the GABA neurons» signaling, as shown by the mice's increased willingness to pick up food pellets from an open field — a proxy measure for resilience from depression and anxiety.

As a proxy measure, the sleep disruption demonstrated by the shift workers in our study creates short - and long - term biological disturbances.

This shift in survey mode likely encouraged an increase in self - interviews that in prior waves would have been completed by proxy, possibly leading to a change in the calibration of the self - and proxy - cognitive measures to dementia status.

Basically, proxy data can not reproduce the recent «unprecedented» warming which is measured by the satellite record.

Muscle activation, as measured by EMG amplitude, is a good proxy for internal muscle force production, particularly when measurements are taken under non-fatiguing conditions, and when the muscle action is isometric.

A second study, recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by Gary Chamberlain, using the same data as Chetty and his colleagues, provides fodder both for skeptics and supporters of the use of value - added: while confirming Chetty's finding that the teachers who have impacts on contemporaneous measures of student learning also have impacts on earnings and college going, Chamberlain also found that test - scores are a very imperfect proxy for those impacts.

The measures used in the NEPC report — whether schools make AYP, state accountability system ratings, the percentage of students that score proficient on state tests, and high - school graduation rates — are at best rough proxies for the quality of education provided by any school.

Moreover, it is a direct measure of what policymakers want in teacher quality, not a proxy for student achievement fashioned by education's internal stakeholders.

Because the administrative files provide only a very coarse measure of family socioeconomic status — eligibility for the federal free or reduced - price lunch program — we constructed an additional proxy for family income by matching each student's residential address to U.S. Census data on the median household income in the student's neighborhood.

A second study, recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by Gary Chamberlain, using the same data as Chetty and his colleagues, provides fodder both for skeptics and supporters of the use of value - added: while confirming Chetty's finding that the teachers who have impacts on contemporaneous measures of student learning also have impacts on earnings and college going, Chamberlain also found that test scores are a very imperfect proxy for those impacts.

, recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by Gary Chamberlain, using the same data as Chetty and his colleagues, provides fodder both for skeptics and supporters of the use of value - added: while confirming Chetty's finding that the teachers who have impacts on contemporaneous measures of student learning also have impacts on earnings and college going, Chamberlain also found that test scores are a very imperfect proxy for those impacts.

This campaign, it says, is really «a proxy for a broader assault on public education itself» and is coming at a time when public schools have been weakened by funding cuts, «vitriolic political attacks on teachers and their unions, and state programs to privatize schools through vouchers, charter schools and other «school choice» measures.»

Scaling by a book - based measure, instead of a market based measure, avoids hopelessly conflating the productivity proxy with book - to - market.

Wes Gray's Empirical Search Strategies (ESS) has proclaimed its support for a «downside protection» measure described by the Biotechnology Value Fund (BVF) in the Avigen Inc (NASDAQ: AVGN) proxy fight.

The problem with proxies is that they are indirect measures that are influenced by factors other than temperature alone.

By their nature, studies of aspects of the past which can no longer be directly measured but which may be partially revealed by various proxies will never have complete reliability, but they ARE being properly and rigorously pursued by long tested scientific methods of working with any available empirical data that might help improve the picturBy their nature, studies of aspects of the past which can no longer be directly measured but which may be partially revealed by various proxies will never have complete reliability, but they ARE being properly and rigorously pursued by long tested scientific methods of working with any available empirical data that might help improve the picturby various proxies will never have complete reliability, but they ARE being properly and rigorously pursued by long tested scientific methods of working with any available empirical data that might help improve the picturby long tested scientific methods of working with any available empirical data that might help improve the picture.

Based on the same observation one could argue that the hockeystick methodology is correct to pick out the bristlecones because it is the only proxy that shows a climate signal consistent with a 20th century rise in temperature as measured by meteorological stations.

How does natural and internal variability affect the apparent rate of storage as measured by the current proxy for storage of sensible heat in the troposphere?

As others have noted, the IPCC Team has gone absolutely feral about Salby's research and the most recent paper by Dr Roy Spencer, at the University of Alabama (On the Misdiagnosis of Surface Temperature Feedbacks from Variations in Earth's Radiant Energy Balance), for one simple reason: both are based on empirical, undoctored satellite observations, which, depending on the measure required, now extend into the past by up to 32 years, i.e. long enough to begin evaluating real climate trends; whereas much of the Team's science in AR4 (2007) is based on primitive climate models generated from primitive and potentially unreliable land measurements and proxies, which have been «filtered» to achieve certain artificial realities (There are other more scathing descriptions of this process I won't use).

Is the plot of cloud cover measured by an instrument other than a proxy of the same detected back - scattered light that is shown in the other plot?

Effectively you seem to be saying that the actual temperatures measured by the thermometers are just a proxy for the «true» temperature.

And, when you have fully two cycles of a 60 year oscillation evident within the higher accuracy, directly measured data spanning the previous century, and it appears all over the place in proxy reconstructions over thousands of years as well... Then, by gum, there's a 60 year quasi-cyclic phenomenon influencing global temperatures.

Often, studies replace the net sunlight by proxy measures of solar irradiance, which is an oversimplification used in efforts to probe the Sun's role in past climate change.

No measure of historical temperatures or proxies of heat content show the linear increase over the last thousand, or the last 250 years that is required by your theory.

The solar activity has been well - measured, particularly since 1979 using satellites, and before that by indirect («proxy») measures.

You can not compare temperatures measured by thermometers to temperatures estimated from proxies.

The older than Mauna Loa results of CO2 contents used in the models adopted by IPCC are ice core proxy values of carbon dioxide content, which are incompatible with any one of directly measured values, already therefore that, even at their best, they are averages of some centuries.

Whereas the ice core proxy values of carbon dioxide content used by IPCC are incompatible with any one of direct measured values, because they are mean values of some centuries, even at their best.

The point isn't that it «wasn't measuring what it was supposed to» (as proxies, by their very nature, do not actually measure what we use them to indicate), it was that a formerly reliable correspondence between temperature and tree - rings broke down in recent years.

The microwave sounding units (MSU) aboard the satellites don't actually measure air temperature, but rather the intensity of microwave radiation given off by oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, and the intensity of this radiation is a proxy for air temperature.

Approaches for monitoring the implementation and performance of REDD + Policies and Measures using proxy indicators developed and tested (led by FAO).

For example, ice cores taken in various locations around the world (Greenland and Antarctica, for example) are excellent proxies; gas bubbles containing CO2 trapped in ancient ice can be measured, and the age can be determined very accurately (by counting the seasonal ice layers, or measuring the isotope levels of oxygen).

PaulS is partly right, you measure the heights of the people in a room, then you multiply the heights of the Arabs by the population of the Middle East, the average height of the African Americans by the population of Africa, you pretend that your one native American is a proxy for the inuit.

Only the result of the study changes — instead of measuring temperature by proxy one measures inherent variability of the proxy, which is also useful.

It would be begging the question to assume that high CO2 correlates to high temperature in the proxy measurement, then turn around and use that measure to determine that a temperature trend is caused by CO2.

David: I read some hockey stick papers, and I didn't find where the slope measured in a homogeneous way by the proxies exceeds the natural noise.

For this reason, the proxies must be «calibrated» empirically, by comparing their measured variability over a number of years with available instrumental records to identify some optimal climate association, and to quantify the statistical uncertainty associated with scaling proxies to represent this specific climate parameter.