Because of the
variations of sunspots and faculae on the sun's surface, the total solar
irradiance (TSI), also called the solar constant, varies on a roughly 11 - year cycle by about 0.07 %, which has been
measured by orbiting satellites since 1978 [Lean, 1987, 1991; Wilson et al., 1981].
First, this is possible because helioseismic data provide the most precise
measure ever of the solar cycle, which ultimately yields more profound physical limits on past
irradiance variations.