Global mean sea level is
measured using tide gauge records and also, since 1993, satellite data.
Sea level changes can be
measured using tide gauges and remotely from space using satellite altimeters.
Not exact matches
Where a low -
tide elevation is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, the low - water line on that elevation may be
used as the baseline for
measuring the breadth of the territorial sea.
Thanks to Swarm's precise measurements along with those from Champ — a mission that ended in 2010 after
measuring Earth's gravity and magnetic fields for more than 10 years — scientists have not only been able to find the magnetic field generated by ocean
tides but, remarkably, they have
used this new information to image the electrical nature of Earth's upper mantle 250 km below the ocean floor.
As a result, the system
used was able to
measure deformation, notably caused by Earth
tides, at a resolution of one part per billion.
Others have
used tide gauge data to
measure GMSL acceleration, but scientists have struggled to pull out other important details from
tide - gauge data, such as changes in the last couple of decades due to more active ice sheet melt.
When satellites pass over the sky, the GNSS
tide gauge
uses signals direct from the satellite and signals reflected off the sea surface to
measure the sea level.
It
uses the satellite data of sea level to determine the typical variability patterns of the sea surface and thus to establish the link between the locally
measured tide gauge values and the global sea level.
-- http://notrickszone.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Temperatures-Global-Ice-Core-vs-Instrumental.jpg — http://notrickszone.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Holocene-Cooling-Northern-Hemisphere-Briffa-2002-Divergence.jpg — http://notrickszone.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Hide-the-Decline-Using-Mikes-Nature-Trick.jpg ------------------------------------ Which data set is more reliable: the apples - to - apples one that
uses continuous records throughout the
measured time period (i.e., proxy evidence,
tide gauges), or the apples - to - oranges data set that has been spliced and combined and changed to fit biases and models?
Further, the
use of
tide gauges in an attempt to
measure global sea levels — however defined — is nearly as pointless as
using tree rings to
measure temperatures.
«In our study we
used sea level data
measured by various
tide gauges throughout the twentieth century to see how extreme sea level during hurricanes has changed with temperature.»
Tide heights near ice shelves can be measured using traditional coastal tide gauges and bottom pressure recorders, while currents can be measured with meters on moorings in the open ocean or deployed through boreholes drilled through ice shelves, which are the floating portions of ice she
Tide heights near ice shelves can be
measured using traditional coastal
tide gauges and bottom pressure recorders, while currents can be measured with meters on moorings in the open ocean or deployed through boreholes drilled through ice shelves, which are the floating portions of ice she
tide gauges and bottom pressure recorders, while currents can be
measured with meters on moorings in the open ocean or deployed through boreholes drilled through ice shelves, which are the floating portions of ice sheets.
With new
measures to cap coal
use and restrict imports of low quality coal in China, it appears the
tide is turning against the coal exporters.
Measuring the worlds average temperature to tenths of a degree is like trying to
measure the «height» of the sea
using a
tide gauge in rough weather.
Now I am not a great fan of the aggregated
tide gauge record seeing as it relies on so few gauges (as cited) most with short histories (as cited) or have moved (as cited) or have been interpolated (as cited) To globally aggregate such low grade information only compounds the errors However, anyone working on flood defence work would
use a
tide gauge as it provides a more accurate record of the place where the sea actually hits the land, where people live, as opposed to satellites which
measure open sea.
But practical
measures ARE ipos facto a good
use of money to respond to slightly rising sea levels, but in fact mostly to occasional surges from spring
tides, storm surges — WEATHER.
During the time of conducting our study, the reliability of the HADS as a clinical screening tool was critically questioned noting that although the HADS was
used in
TIDES, different
measures were recommended from that international study.36 These
measures were the PHQ - 9 for depression and the GAD - 7 for anxiety.4 36 Both these
measures are recommended in the international guidelines for mental health screening of patients with CF, 11 which are since being
used in CF clinical settings.15 31 Because of the current shift away from
using HADS as a screening tool for depression and anxiety in CF, and because of the small sample sizes in each group (online and paper - based), we did not test measurement invariance to determine if the online version of HADS is equivalent to the paper based version.