Sentences with phrase «measured variable levels»

In addition to air pollution data from state and local air agencies, these MESA Air monitors collected and measured variable levels of PM2.5, oxides of nitrogen, and black carbon, among other pollutants over two - week periods between 2005 - 2009.

Not exact matches

Measured in real terms, variable loan rates are as much as 1 percentage point below their average level over the past five years, and up to 2 1/4 percentage points below their average since the early 1990s (Graph 65).

Jagai and her colleagues used the U.S. EPA's Environmental Quality Index, a county - level measure incorporating more than 200 of these environmental variables and obtained cancer incidence rates from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program State Cancer Profiles.

The second independent variable was the testing session, a within - subjects measure with 6 levels; a pre - and postmeasurement at each of the 3 sessions.

to consider should be the following: 1) the achievement of full employment or reduction in the unemployment rate; 2) increase the income distribution measured by the Gini index; 3) reduction of the levels of crime in society; 4) increase in service levels of education, health, housing and transport to the population; 5) increase of the investment in infrastructure, education, health, housing and sanitation; 6) increase in the HDI - Human Development Index, used by the United Nations, which takes into account GDP per capita, the longevity of people and their education (measured by illiteracy rate and the enrollment rates at various levels of education); and 7) increase of GNH (Gross National Happiness) indicator, which analyzes 73 variables that contribute most to the goal of achieving the well - being and satisfaction with life (See GNH posted in website

Let's imagine that these control variables were measured perfectly, even though most required high levels of imputation, e.g., family income and high school GPA were available for only about half of the sample.

Also, several of the resource and institutional variables, such as the school's decision - making responsibility and the existence of national examinations, are measured at the school or country level, further decreasing the independence of individual observations and reducing the number of independent observations on these variables.

The Fordham study controls for both the demographic and prior achievement variables that are measured at the state level of e-school students.

The level variable is highly correlated with the school quality measure (percent proficient) used in the national analysis, but the correlation between the growth variable and percent proficient is considerably weaker.

Due to the complexity of the study, the fact that many of the classroom variables focus on grades 1 - 3 (e.g., student level of engagement, time spent in small - or whole - group instruction, preferred interaction style), and the use of different outcome measures, the kindergarten classrooms were dropped from the analysis.

For our final analysis, we conducted a stepwise regression in which the most powerful school level (systematic internal assessment and parent links) and classroom level (time in small - group instruction and time in independent reading) variables were simultaneously regressed on our most robust outcome measure, fluency as indexed by words correct per minute on a grade level passage.

We used three levels of the teacher accomplishment rating (most, moderately, and least accomplished) as the independent variable and eight scores from the teacher factor set derived from our empirical data (time spent in small - group instruction, time spent in whole - group instruction, time spent in independent reading, student engagement rating, home communication rating, preferred style of telling, preferred style of recitation, and preferred style of coaching) as the set of dependent measures.

We then added the variable measuring the district «s focus on accountability in order to determine the relative importance of state and district policy priorities at the school level.

We conducted a regression of the Principal Instructional Leadership measure on the principals «responses to items in the District Focus on Instruction scale, including building characteristics (size and level), student characteristics (% minority and % FRP) as control variables in the model.

Risk index models can improve on the accuracy levels of screening processes that rely on a single measure and, unlike single measures, can consider the impact of numerous variables.

By measuring individual student growth as opposed to aggregate proficiency, confounding variables are mitigated to an ignorable level since the exact same set of students is analyzed against an equated set of standards.

The next surprise is the Ghost's absolute lack of body roll in turns and its sublime composure over lumpy pavement, a level of suspension refinement (control - arm front and multilink rear, with air springs and variable - rate dampers) that far exceeds the usual Rolls «waftability» measure.

A model was developed to understand relationships between measured sound levels and variables such as climate, topography, human activity, time of day, and day of year.

General conclusion: never measure at locations with huge diurnal variation, if the intention is to calculate a «global» or «background» CO2 level, as that has always a positive bias of variable magnitude, depending of local release / uptake and wind speed / diurnal turbulence changes.

CO2 levels can be variable in the hourly measure.

Paper J notes that the anthropogenic effect on sea level rise in one region of the world (the Pacific Ocean) over one period of time (1993 - 2013) is too small to detect at a statistically significant level due to factors such as: a) small sample size (only 20 years), b) the effect of control variables (such as the IPO), c) limitations of satellite altimetry measurement, the technique being used to measure sea level in paper H. Paper K offers a contrasting account of paper J, noting that part of the Pacific sea level rise is anthropogenic.

But it turns out that countries with far higher levels of so - called variable renewables are doing without capacity markets at all, finding that other measures are sufficient, such as investing in transmission capacity, reforming power markets and requiring renewable energy technologies themselves to play a bigger role in meeting power demand.

The first level of metrics, including the commonly used correlation coefficient, RMS value, and RMSE, measures model performance in terms of individual variables.

«SEAFRAME gauges not only measure sea level by two independent means, but also observe a number of «ancillary» variables - atmospheric pressure, air and water temperatures, wind speed and direction.

It is really hard to measure 2 variables, in this instance being Co2 levels in the atmosphere and some metric of global temperature and get Zero correlation.

IPCC (2007) does not mention κ and, therefore, provides neither error - bars nor a «Level of Scientific Understanding» (the IPCC's subjective measure of the extent to which enough is known about a variable to render it useful in quantifying climate sensitivity).

In the first level of analysis, we looked at outcome measures, without controlling for demographic variables.

We hypothesised that (1) objective measures of availability / access to destinations, greenness and a pedestrian - friendly infrastructure would be negatively associated with depressive symptoms; (2) environmental stressors such as signs of crime / disorder, pollution, traffic - related variables and presence of stray dogs would be positively associated with depressive symptoms; (3) older adults living alone would report more depressive symptoms than their counterparts; (4) and the negative effects of living alone on depressive symptoms would be attenuated by better access / availability of destinations and lower levels of environmental stressors.

Cardiometabolic laboratory variables such as HbA1c, lipid levels, gamma - GT, B12 vitamin, ferritin will be measured at study beginning, at 6 — 8 weeks and at 1 year postpartum and miRNA will be additionally also measured at birth.

Educational level was measured as a demographic variable.

Both partners completed a self - report survey that included questions about their current loneliness levels, relationship quality measures, and a range of demographic and baseline variables (e.g., income, education, employment status, number of children, whether other family members lived with them, health, depression, etc.).

Within this highly variable and multidimensional context, the AAP and others have encouraged pediatric providers to develop a screening schedule that uses age - appropriate, standardized tools to identify risk factors that are highly prevalent or relevant to their particular practice setting.29, 66,67 In addition to the currently recommended screenings at 9, 18, and 24/36 months to assess children for developmental delays, pediatric practices have been asked to consider implementing standardized measures to identify other family - or community - level factors that put children at risk for toxic stress (eg, maternal depression, parental substance abuse, domestic or community violence, food scarcity, poor social connectedness).

She analyzed data on four variables for the children: reading and math test scores; a measure of behavioral problems; and a measure of home environment, which looked at levels of cognitive stimulation and emotional support.

Area - level explanatory variables will include: accessibility and remoteness, as measured by the Accessibility / Remoteness Index of Australia Plus (ARIA +); 54 socioeconomic disadvantage, as measured by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA); 55 presence of Aboriginal Medical Services; presence of an AMIHS; proportion of Aboriginal pregnancies / births in an area managed by an AMIHS; numbers of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children attending preschool; numbers of full - time equivalent health workers (including general medical practitioners, nurses, midwives and Aboriginal health workers) per 10 000 population; measures of social capital from the NSW Population Health Survey; 56 features of local communities (derived from ABS Census data), such as information on median personal and household income, mortgage repayment and rent; average number of persons per bedroom and household size; employment; non-school qualifications and housing type for Aboriginal residents in each area.57

The dependent variable is measured repeatedly within and across different phases or levels of the intervention to allow for identification of patterns.

The ACE scale constructed with variables from NatSCEV that mimic the original items is associated with distress levels among youth aged 10 to 17 years, as measured by the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children.

Table 2 contains the GLM and logistic regressions assessing the contribution of the independent variables, CU levels, and the presence / absence of ODD on the children's psychological measures for the total sample (n = 622), adjusted by the covariates family SES, children's ethnicity and sex, other comorbid disorder different from ODD and the number of DSM - IV CD symptoms.

Moreover, the possibility of common method variance could be reduced even more by measuring the predictor and outcome variables separated in time, such as across two daily diary surveys (i.e., experience sampling design) were employees are instructed to fill out their experienced levels of workload at the end of the workday and the experienced levels of detachment and marital satisfaction right before bedtime (Podsakoff et al., 2003).

A «latent variable» refers to a set of clustered measures that indicate a single underlying construct which provides a higher level of abstraction.

Our finding that the severity of depressive symptoms was a significant but relatively smaller contributor to physical disability in this sample (after controlling for the possible effects of age, sex and duration of pain) is consistent with findings of some previous studies of patients with chronic pain, but not with some treatment studies, which found that depression level contributed to less significant improvement in pain - related disability.11, 27 It is not surprising that cognitive, pain and behavioural variables accounted for more physical disability than depressive symptoms but it is notable that social support (as measured by the MPI), sense of control over life, and catastrophising did not significantly contribute to physical disability.

Note that we only report the correlations at the zero - order level for work - home segmentation preference as this variable was only measured at the between - person level and thus renders the estimation of within - person correlation obsolete.

Serotonin level was not significantly correlated with any of the diagnostic variables, age or the Quality of the Family Environment measure in the sample (ps > 0.20).

In the current study, statistical analyses evaluated the main and moderating effects of variables measured repeatedly at the within - person level (stress, social support, and unsupportive interactions) and variables measured at the between - person level (disruptive child behaviors, and support services) on daily positive and negative mood.

Demographic and disease - related variables measured at baseline are referred to as level 2 variables because they reflect individual difference variables associated with the person.

Other variables measured were: sex, number of siblings, parental occupation, single - parent home, school failure, socioeconomic level, chronic somatic ailments and use of mental health services.

Demographic and disease - related variables that are measured at each wave of assessment and change across assessments are referred to as level 1 variables or time - varying predictors.