Moreover, the use of dietary questionnaires and self - reported weight measurement may have introduced
measurement errors into this study and, although the researchers accounted for some key lifestyle factors that are likely to affect weight, individuals who increased their fruit and vegetable intake and lost weight may have shared other unknown characteristics that were actually responsible for their weight loss.
So your adjustments for that change is only adding
the measurement error into the trend.
Not exact matches
Self - reported weight and height contribute to
measurement error in the calculation of prepregnancy BMI and misclassification
into BMI categories, which affect estimates of GWG and PPWR (65).
There are several reasons for the variation, including whether courts take
into account the
measurement error inherent in IQ scores — the fact that an individual, tested repeatedly, would not achieve the same score every time, but rather a distribution of scores clustered around their «true» IQ.
Naturally this article fails to mention that since the hydrosphere is 271 times as massive as the atmosphere, if oceans are absorbing the heat they are likely to moderate AGW
into a nonproblem, as the average ocean temperature has only changed by.1 degrees in 50 years, an amount that is probably smaller than
measurement error.
Furthermore, they say, a test's standard
error of
measurement may be large enough to throw
into question the use of the results.
If it is broken down
into groups that are too small (e.g., individual classes) the standard
error of
measurement tends to become so great that although the data remains «valid» it is no longer «reliable.»
I wouldn't read too much
into my
measurements due to rounding
error (I assume you mean I should get 9 - 10.6).
The
measurements brought back by Delambre and Méchain not only made science
into a global enterprise and made possible our global economy, but also revolutionized our understanding of
error.
The principal scientific objective is to make global SSS
measurements over the ice - free oceans with 150 - km spatial resolution, and to achieve a
measurement error less than 0.2 (PSS - 78 [practical salinity scale of 1978]-RRB- on a 30 - day time scale, taking
into account all sensors and geophysical random
errors and biases.Salinity is indeed a key indicator of the strength of the hydrologic cycle because it tracks the differences created by varying evaporation and precipitation, runoff, and ice processes.
Measuring the distance apart and speed of 2 satellites in space orbiting the earth to the width of a human hair with no margin for
error [damn those drift recalculations], and taking
into account unknown factors with respect to the true values for water depth, water weight at different salt concentrations, ice depth magma flows, volcanic activity etc [ie making a lot of guesses], plus taking human motivation on board [like CO2 increase must melt ice surely] can give you an accurate
measurement of the volume ice in Antarctica.
Michael, concerning the material aspects of your editorial insertion to comment # 6: the «perusal» was hardly «casual,» as it included recovering the data, reproducing the published empirical equations, and showing evidence of dO - 18: T
measurement error that should be propagated
into a proxy temperature reconstruction.
The dO18 systematic
measurement errors do not fall
into that category, by the analytical evidence given in my post and in the associated references.
Let us simplify the problem further and assume that the lab can estimate the RC age on a sample (given an assumed initial mass fraction) with negligible
error, and then consider how we generate the probability distribution for calendar date even when we have no laboratory
measurement error to take
into account.
In general I'd assume rounding
error had been incorporated
into the
measurement error.
An
error - free laboratory
measurement of modern fraction does not imply that the problem collapses
into a deterministic look - up from the calibration curve — even if the curve is monotonic over the relevant calendar interval — because the curve itself carries uncertainty in the form of the variance related to the conditional probability of RC age for a given calendar date.
It is certain that they made plenty of mistakes, introducing a large degree of random
error into the
measurements.
The raw data is largely reliable based on the
error reduction capacity built
into the modeling to reduce anomalous readings of urban heat island effect and other station and / or
measurement anomalies.
I believe we can safely assume
measurement error was pretty large prior to invention of modern pH measuring methods and taking that
into account, all ups and downs prior to 1970 can likely safely hide
into it.
Did anyone ever see those sorts of systematic
measurement errors propagated
into the reported SST trend?
The correct
measurement error based on 60 independent readings entered
into the monthly mean temperature will be √ -LSB-(0.2) ^ 2 * 60/59] = 0.2 ºC, 6.7 times larger than they allow.
To address this goal, we adopted a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) approach (see Figure 1) which allowed us to partition each measured (manifest) variable
into three components: (1) variance that is common to all relationships, (2) variance that is unique to a specific relationship, and (3)
measurement error.
Latent constructs defined by single indicators are preferred to observed variables, because
measurement error is taken
into account (Hayduk, 1987).