Sentences with phrase «measurement of air temperature»

Getting an accurate measurement of air temperature across the entire planet is not simple.

This means that each one second temperature value is not an instantaneous measurement of the air temperature but an average of the previous 40 to 80 seconds.

The title of the report is, Lighthouses: Thermometers for Accurate and Unbiased Measurement of Air Temperature at the Sea - Land Interface.

As far as this historic period is concerned, the reconstruction of past temperatures based on deep boreholes in deep permafrost is one of the best past temperature proxies we have (for the global regions with permafrost — polar regions and mountainous regions)-- as a signal of average temperatures it's even more accurate than historic direct measurements of the air temperature, since the earth's upper crust acts as a near perfect conservator of past temperatures — given that no water circulation takes place, which is precisely the case in permafrost where by definition the water is frozen.

Using modern measurements of air temperature, incoming / outgoing radiation, and ocean temperature / heat content should provide much more robust techniques of climate model validation.

1 Before the winds shifted, measurements of air temperatures in the 80s and 90s reported a slight cooling trend that contradicted global warming theory.2

Not exact matches

The correction brings air temperatures into line with measurements of steady warming at the ground, according to a report in tomorrow's issue of Nature.

Meteorologists feed in up - to - the - minute measurements of temperature, air pressure, wind direction and the like.

Instead, the researcher and his colleagues use historic measurements of air pressure and ocean temperatures, put into a model, to calibrate surface temperatures over the 20th century.

The pyrometers are also able to capture the air shock structure of the detonation event, allowing for simultaneous measurement of temperature and pressure.

This information was analyzed along with measurements of two air pollutants in their homes — fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-- as well as outdoor temperatures during the study period.

Variations of deuterium (δD; black), a proxy for local temperature, and the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 (red), CH4 (blue), and nitrous oxide (N2O; green) derived from air trapped within ice cores from Antarctica and from recent atmospheric measurements (Petit et al., 1999; Indermühle et al., 2000; EPICA community members, 2004; Spahni et al., 2005; Siegenthaler et al., 2005a, b).

The capabilities of Test Cell 1 include a fuel / air combustion skid for energy input; cooling systems for heat removal; 130 kW eddy - current dynamometer for precision power measurements; and instrumentation, system protection, and power control channels.For measuring the thermal output of fuel - fired thermal energy systems, such as a gas - fired liquid - metal evaporator for Stirling engines, Test Cell 1 offers a gas - gap calorimeter, which simulates the engine by allowing the liquid metal to condense at operating temperatures.

These measurements were made after installing wind and air temperature sensors on the telescope and at the top of one of the Keck domes.

What we think of as the modern temperature record is made up of many thousands of measurements from the air above land and the ocean surface, collected by ships, buoys and sometimes satellites, too.

A compilation of surface measurements of downward longwave radiation from 1973 to 2008 find an increasing trend of more longwave radiation returning to earth, attributed to increases in air temperature, humidity and atmospheric carbon dioxide (Wang 2009).

In an absolute monarchy, the monarch rules as an autocrat, with absolute power over the state and government — for example, the right to The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air

By contrast, weather forecasting that leverages «data science» collects a vast amount of historical information on air, temperature, and humidity, and assesses the relationship between those measurements and actual past events, such as whether or not a storm occurred.

Solar heating is the major source of error, both in upper - air and in in - situ surface temperature measurements.

For example, due to the lack of ocean data, secondary data is often used to infer what the ocean is doing — thus, the AMO analysis relies not on ocean temperature measurements, but rather on air pressure measurements as a proxy for ocean behavior — iffy at best.

This offset was large and dramatic and was identified more than ten years ago from comparisons of simultaneous measurements of night - time marine air temperatures (NMAT) which did not show such a shift.

Temperature measurements in the thin layer of air around cities don't mean much in comparison.

(1) In addition to the data of the near - surface temperatures, which are composed of measurements from weather stations and sea surface temperatures, there is also the microwave data from satellites, which can be used to estimate air temperatures in the troposphere in a few kilometers altitude.

The model variables that are evaluated against all sorts of observations and measurements range from solar radiation and precipitation rates, air and sea surface temperatures, cloud properties and distributions, winds, river runoff, ocean currents, ice cover, albedos, even the maximum soil depth reached by plant roots (seriously!).

Sensor measurement uncertainty has never been fully considered in prior appraisals of global average surface air temperature.

So is the idea that the satellite measurements are of the sea surface temperature, which is predicted to be cooler than the air temperature immediately above it?

How to avoid problems with most land - based temperature weather stations: Use lighthouses as thermometers for accurate and unbiased measurement of surface air temperature.

The data - gathering and environmental monitoring capabilities of the FishPi may include temperature readings (air and sea), salinity and pH measurements, barometric monitoring, light levels, and more, with some of the data or images being relayed in real - time.

By contrast, there is quite a lot of data now telling us that CO2 is not a climate driver: We did the experiment of adding a large slug of CO2 to the air and the temperature stopped rising in 1997, the stratosphere stopped cooling in 1995 and the oceans showed no warming down to 700m when we replaced guesswork with accurate measurement in 2003.

Our measurements of surface air temperatures were much more accurate, and so when people spoke of «global warming,» they tended to focus on air temperatures.

This warming can be seen in measurements of troposphere temperatures measured by weather balloons and satellites, in measurements of ocean heat content, sea surface temperature (measured in situ and by satellites), air temperatures over the ocean, air temperature over land.

The scenarios that scientists are looking at depend on measurements of air and water temperatures taken at hundreds of sites around the world, as well as complex models about how trends will evolve in the coming decades.

Water takes longer to heat up and cool down than does the air or land, so ocean warming is considered to be a better indicator of global warming than measurements of global atmospheric temperatures at the Earth's surface.

c, Measurements of July to September air temperature and annual precipitation changes at each site between 2003 and 2002.

To get a complete picture of Earth's temperature, scientists combine measurements from the air above land and the ocean surface collected by ships, buoys and sometimes satellites, too.

These are created by combining ship - and buoy - based measurements of ocean sea surface temperatures with temperature readings of the surface air temperature from weather stations on land.

The approximate stand - still of global temperature during 1940 - 1975 is generally attributed to an approximate balance of aerosol cooling and greenhouse gas warming during a period of rapid growth of fossil fuel use with little control on particulate air pollution, but quantitative interpretation has been impossible because of the absence of adequate aerosol measurements.

Surface measurements of downward longwave radiation A compilation of surface measurements of downward longwave radiation from 1973 to 2008 find an increasing trend of more longwave radiation returning to earth, attributed to increases in air temperature, humidity and atmospheric carbon dioxide (Wang 2009).

A number of possible research strategies for improving the understanding of uncertainties inherent in the various measurement systems and the relationship between surface and upper air temperature trends are proposed in the report.break

A compilation of surface measurements of downward longwave radiation from 1973 to 2008 find an increasing trend of more longwave radiation returning to earth, attributed to increases in air temperature, humidity and atmospheric carbon dioxide (Wang 2009).

The panel was asked to assess whether these apparently conflicting surface and upper air temperature trends lie within the range of uncertainty inherent in the measurements and, if they are judged to lie outside that range, to identify the most probable reason (s) for the differences.

To point out just a couple of things: — oceans warming slower (or cooling slower) than lands on long - time trends is absolutely normal, because water is more difficult both to warm or to cool (I mean, we require both a bigger heat flow and more time); at the contrary, I see as a non-sense theory (made by some serrist, but don't know who) that oceans are storing up heat, and that suddenly they will release such heat as a positive feedback: or the water warms than no heat can be considered ad «stored» (we have no phase change inside oceans, so no latent heat) or oceans begin to release heat but in the same time they have to cool (because they are losing heat); so, I don't feel strange that in last years land temperatures for some series (NCDC and GISS) can be heating up while oceans are slightly cooling, but I feel strange that they are heating up so much to reverse global trend from slightly negative / stable to slightly positive; but, in the end, all this is not an evidence that lands» warming is led by UHI (but, this effect, I would not exclude it from having a small part in temperature trends for some regional area, but just small); both because, as writtend, it is normal to have waters warming slower than lands, and because lands» temperatures are often measured in a not so precise way (despite they continue to give us a global uncertainity in TT values which is barely the instrumental's one)-- but, to point out, HadCRU and MSU of last years (I mean always 2002 - 2006) follow much better waters» temperatures trend; — metropolis and larger cities temperature trends actually show an increase in UHI effect, but I think the sites are few, and the covered area is very small worldwide, so the global effect is very poor (but it still can be sensible for regional effects); but I would not run out a small warming trend for airport measurements due mainly to three things: increasing jet planes traffic, enlarging airports (then more buildings and more asphalt — if you follow motor sports, or simply live in a town / city, you will know how easy they get very warmer than air during day, and how much it can slow night - time cooling) and overall having airports nearer to cities (if not becoming an area inside the city after some decade of hurban growth, e.g. Milan - Linate); — I found no point about UHI in towns and villages; you will tell me they are not large cities; but, in comparison with 20-40-60 years ago when they were «countryside», many small towns and villages have become part of larger hurban areas (at least in Europe and Asia) so examining just larger cities would not be enough in my opinion to get a full view of UHI effect (still remembering that it has a small global effect: we can say many matters are due to UHI instead of GW, maybe even that a small part of measured GW is due to UHI, and that GW measurements are not so precise to make us able to make good analisyses and predictions, but not that GW is due to UHI).

I have made a stunning snow temperature measurement 2 days ago, some -4.3 C below surface air temperature 2 meters above, with sun 20 degrees high shinning on the surface of mixed snow layers, fresh on top, harder below.

We realised that by analysing these measurements in terms of a property known as the «molar density» of the air, we would be able to gain new insight into how the temperature of the air changes with height.

The major uncertainties in satellite measurements of upper air temperature are due to sensor and spacecraft biases and instabilities, the characteristics of which need to be estimated by performing satellite intercalibrations during overlapping intervals.

Since this phenomenon first became apparent in the early 1990s, the research community has been seeking to identify and quantify possible sources of errors in the surface and upper air temperature measurements, and it has been trying to understand the physical processes that may have caused surface and upper air temperatures to change relative to one another.

We conduct measurements of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles using air - deployed drop - sondes and remote sensing measurements.

The mean air temperature (1906 - 2005) measured at the climate station Vent (1906 m a.s.l) was -1.6 °C and the mean annual lapse rate is 0.57 °C / 100 m. For additional information on the status of the glacier and on data relating to annual mass balance and other measurements, visit the WGMS Fluctuations of Glaciers Browser.

The evidence comes from direct measurements of rising surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures and, indirectly, from increases in average global sea levels, retreating glaciers, and changes in many physical and biological systems.

The problem is compounded by the fact that sea surface temperatures are used as a proxy for marine air temperatures due to problems in the measurement of marine air temperatures.