Sentences with phrase «measurements of surface»

Surely there are empirical measurements of surface absorption and emissivity, or experiments that can obtain them.

Measurements of surface wind speed and direction are needed for both climate and operational purposes.

The satellite data are not measurements of the surface temperature.

The eddy correlation (ECOR) flux measurement system provides half - hour measurements of the surface turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat, and carbon dioxide.

Pekka, the approximately uniform prior in Y is, according to F&G, a consequence of a) the choice of an OLS regression type, b) the fact that the combined errors in the measurements of forcings and net radiative balance were very much greater than errors in measurements of the surface temperature, and c) the assumption of normal distributions in the errors of the three observables.

My understanding is that a uniform prior in S (and hence, equivalently, a 1 / Y ^ 2 prior in Y) would be the correct uninformative reference prior (that which has least effect on the posterior PDF) if way stayed with Forster & Gregory's OLS regression method to estimate Y, if and only if the magnitude of the errors in measurements of the surface temperature were much less than combined errors in the measurements of forcings and net radiative balance, the opposite of what Forster & Gregory's error analysis showed.

Our measurements of surface air temperatures were much more accurate, and so when people spoke of «global warming,» they tended to focus on air temperatures.

Re # 42 (Smygga): The second study analyzed direct measurements of the surface (which account for snow accumulation and * minor * loss factors such as surface melt and blowing snow), but used a 1999 study to estimate the major loss factors of iceberg discharge and basal melting.

And once again, if all this is right, we should not expect immediate evidence of global warming in measurements of surface temperatures.

In an absolute monarchy, the monarch rules as an autocrat, with absolute power over the state and government — for example, the right to The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air

Shortly after the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) went online in 2000, measurements of its surface showed that its 2004 aluminum panels needed more tuning to create the dish's perfect parabolic shape.

At its height between 1960 and 1980, Polyarka was staffed by more than fifty working scientists, engineers, and technicians focused on measurements of surface weather, snow depth, sea ice, and conditions in the upper atmosphere.

NOAA makes these projections based on measurements of the surface temperatures of the world's oceans using satellites, predicting how those temperatures will change.

Measurements of surface chemical composition, either by direct sampling (as has been done on Earth, the moon, and Mars) or through spectroscopic observations, can be used to estimate elemental abundances and the degree of chemical differentiation that occurred as the planets condensed from the solar nebula.

Colors here are approximate, based on spectral measurements of the surface.

In the dry season, surface water reservoirs are at the same level as the aquifer that feeds them: altitude measurements of the surface water then made possible direct observations of the height of the groundwater.

This was a really neat result because in addition to providing an independent line of evidence for significant tsunami hazard in the Bungo Channel, we demonstrated a connection between the Nankai Trough's physical characteristics and GPS measurements of surface motion.»

The AO is a measurement of surface air pressure at the high latitudes over and north of Greenland.

How to avoid problems with most land - based temperature weather stations: Use lighthouses as thermometers for accurate and unbiased measurement of surface air temperature.

For practical purposes, SSTsubskin can be well approximated to the measurement of surface temperature by a microwave radiometer operating in the 6 - 11 GHz frequency range, but the relationship is neither direct nor invariant to changing physical conditions or to the specific geometry of the microwave measurements.

The general point is that satellites are themselves subject to large adjustments, and are not by definition a more robust and bias - free measurement of surface temperatures than thermometers.

Not exact matches

To ensure that surface water quality is maintained, measurement and reporting of water quality parameters in key water bodies is carried out on a weekly basis.

Measurement of Total Condensation on a Shrouded Cryogenic Surface Using a Single Quartz Crystal Microbalance

The CO2 is sampled from air that is above the Boundary Layer; ostensibly free from surface effects.The Keeling Curve has the longest history of CO2 continuous measurements; but over the past 50 years a network of similar stations has become active.

On the conventional press side a major launch is the FoodSafeUV project, which demonstrates to brand owners how the use of new dose measurement technology at the web surface can lead to a certified workflow to guarantee migration well below current Swiss Ordinance levels.

Aside from the surface area measurement of the toddler pillow, you should also pay attention to the loft the product.

They have accurate labelling of measurements on their surfaces that gives you a measure of how much breast milk you are storing.

Testing of the Paint Preparation Pad has demonstrated high standards of performance and more than comparable surface measurement statistics against other similar products on the market.

And, of course, the early 2005 descent of the Huygens probe through Titan's atmosphere for two and a half hours captured panoramic images and measurements of atmospheric composition, transparency, winds and temperature before the probe came to rest on the moon's surface.

With surface measurements alone, it's hard to confirm the type - II Weyl fermions are there, says physicist Alexey Soluyanov of ETH Zurich.

Although previous experiments have shown hints of the unusual quasiparticles, those measurements were skin - deep, assessing particles only on the surface of the material, Hasan says.

These data, taken at Earth's surface, reflect the complex structure of Earth below the measurement sites and were collected during the National Science Foundation EarthScope USArray project.

Now, the «smart» bandage developed by the team provides direct, noninvasive measurement of tissue oxygenation by combining three simple, compact and inexpensive components: a bright sensor molecule with a long phosphorescence lifetime and appropriate dynamic range; a bandage material compatible with the sensor molecule that conforms to the skin's surface to form an airtight seal; and an imaging device capable of capturing the oxygen - dependent signals from the bandage with high signal - to - noise ratio.

In the figure, measurements of the strength of mantle flow are shown along with the colored map of seismic wave speed at 195 kilometers (121 miles) beneath the Earth's surface, under the North American tectonic plate.

Using different calibration and filtering processes, the two researchers succeeded in combining a wide variety of available data from temperature measurements and climate archives in such a way that they were able to compare the reconstructed sea surface temperature variations at different locations around the globe on different time scales over a period of 7,000 years.

«Our measurements indicate that approximately 660 tonnes [1.5 million pounds] of industrial lead have been deposited on the snow - covered surface of Antarctic during the past 130 years,» McConnell said.

The mission would include a lander spending 35 days on the moon's surface to sample and screen material for traces of life; an orbiter spending three months taking measurements to unravel the basic structure of the planet; and the orbiter crashing into the moon, gathering data on Europa's tenuous atmosphere on the way down.

The researchers have designed a custom integrated circuit to perform these measurements, in which an artificial cell membrane and ion channel are attached directly to the surface of the amplifier chip.

According to lead author Alberto Sanna, a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Germany, the VLBA's measurement is «equivalent to seeing a baseball on the surface of the moon.»

«It hit me that we've been calculating chlorophyll profiles from surface measurements for more than thirty years, but we don't know what the depth profiles of other biogeochemically - important materials look like,» said Barney Balch, a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory and lead author on the paper.

Reports on the state of the Arctic, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's 2012 Arctic Report Card, published in December, furnish Arctic temperatures and measurements of the changing thickness of the active layer of the permafrost, the layer of surface soil that melts and refreezes each year.

«By designing a custom microelectronic amplifier and tightly integrating the ion channel directly onto the amplifier chip surface, we are able to reduce stray capacitances that get in the way of making fast measurements.»

The precision of the measurement is such that «a snail crawling on Mars would appear to be moving across the surface more than 100 times faster than the motion we measured for this galaxy,» says Reid.

Water's behavior was tested with three different approaches: ultrafast optical measurements, which revealed the arrangement of molecules on the nanometric scale; a computer simulation on the atomic scale; and measurement of the water's surface structure and tension, which was done at the macroscopic level.

Their unique work takes small - scale measurements near the surface of the roots.

The exact size of RR245 is not yet exactly known, as its surface properties need further measurement.

LiDAR is a method of mapping from the sky: An airplane - mounted device sends a constant pulse of laser light across a swath of terrain; precise measurements of how long it takes the emitted breams to bounce off surfaces are taken and translated into topographic data.

These include instruments that make measurements of temperatures, magnetic fields, and electrical conductivity of the comet surface.

Our tool can also provide measurements in terms of wave amplitudes around ships, as well as pressures on ships» surfaces.»

Verified by nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, these results mark a clear path towards atomic level design of quantum sensors with larger surface areas than typically achievable.