Sentences with phrase «measurements of the surface water»

In the dry season, surface water reservoirs are at the same level as the aquifer that feeds them: altitude measurements of the surface water then made possible direct observations of the height of the groundwater.

Not exact matches

To ensure that surface water quality is maintained, measurement and reporting of water quality parameters in key water bodies is carried out on a weekly basis.

Water's behavior was tested with three different approaches: ultrafast optical measurements, which revealed the arrangement of molecules on the nanometric scale; a computer simulation on the atomic scale; and measurement of the water's surface structure and tension, which was done at the macroscopic lWater's behavior was tested with three different approaches: ultrafast optical measurements, which revealed the arrangement of molecules on the nanometric scale; a computer simulation on the atomic scale; and measurement of the water's surface structure and tension, which was done at the macroscopic lwater's surface structure and tension, which was done at the macroscopic level.

Although scientists were aware of processes that could cause an isotopic shift in surface waters, Hallis says, «until we made our measurements, we didn't know whether that would be a measureable difference or not.»

They compared isotope measurements on the silica skeletons of diatoms, which store environmental signals from the ocean's surface, with isotope signals from radiolarians, which live in deeper water layers.

Dr Paolo Cipollini from NOC explained: «When a satellite altimeter overpasses the area affected by a surge, it gives us a unique profile of the water surface level from offshore to the coast, as well as concurrent measurements of wave height.

The data revealed that, during the period of their measurements, turbulence in deep waters significantly correlated with surface eddy activity.

Unlike traditional shipboard sonar measurements — which bounce waves off the seafloor and have mapped out a mere 20 percent of the planet's oceans — the satellites captured subtle variations in Earth's gravitational pull at the water's surface.

Cassini's measurements revealed that Titan actually bulges a substantial 30 feet, indicating that the moon's surface rides on top of a sloshing layer of water of unknown depth.

Britton Stephens, an NCAR scientist and the project's co-principal investigator, said HIPPO flights have collected the first large - scale measurements of carbon dioxide and oxygen cycling into and out of surface waters of the Southern Ocean.

Again, Monckton must surely know full well that for the last 25 - 30 years satellite temperature measurement of sea and land surface have replaced terrestrial temperature station measurements in many cases since these give a much greater coverage (70 % of the surface of the Earth is water... it's difficult to put weather stations on top of ice sheets etc.!)

Using single water molecules as atomic markers, the team successfully identified the atomic species of this surface; result that was additionally confirmed by the comparison of simultaneous AFM and STM measurements with the outcomes of first - principles calculations.

South of Spitzbergen, the oceans have been ice free the past 2 winters, reason being, the warm waters from the Gulf Stream are travelling further north, and closer to the ocean surface, only 25 meters at the last measurement, The ocean temperature has been +2 C instead of -2 C.

Kenttärova and Lompolojänkkä are part of the same 42 - ha catchment, and the surface water move nutrients within the catchment from Kenttärova to Lompolojänkkä and finally into the Lake Pallasjärvi (close to the flux measurement station Pallaslompolonniemi).

They looked at several years» worth of surface - temperature measurements by THEMIS, to figure out the water concentration in the soil.

It is widely realized that WWii saw changes in the construction of sampling buckets for sea surface temperature measurement, and many navies switching to water intake temperatures in compiling data from ships at sea.

Craig (1957a), p. 2; for the large number («the surface waters can absorb only a small fraction of the extra CO2 in a period of several hundred years»), see Plass (1956), p. 149; the small number was from Dingle (1954), who used an 1899 measurement of water mixed with ordinary salt, which behaves very differently from the more chemically complicated sea water.

Moncet, J. F. Galantowicz, and J. D. Hegarty, 2003: Retrieval of water vapor over land surfaces from microwave measurements.

Most interesting is that the about monthly variations correlate with the lunar phases (peak on full moon) The Helsinki Background measurements 1935 The first background measurements in history; sampling data in vertical profile every 50 - 100m up to 1,5 km; 364 ppm underthe clouds and above Haldane measurements at the Scottish coast 370 ppmCO2 in winds from the sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly average

In the mid-18th century, some researchers began recording measurements of the water temperature at the ocean's surface while on scientific oceanic voyages.

Water takes longer to heat up and cool down than does the air or land, so ocean warming is considered to be a better indicator of global warming than measurements of global atmospheric temperatures at the Earth's surface.

These algorithms, developed for national and international operational and research satellite programs, convert sensor / instrument measurements into geophysical parameters such as vertical temperature / water vapor profiles, estimates of cloud amount, type and phase, and land / ocean parameters such as sea surface winds, net heat flux, and forest fire intensity / extent.

''... worked with two sediment cores they extracted from the seabed of the eastern Norwegian Sea, developing a 1000 - year proxy temperature record «based on measurements of δ18O in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a planktonic foraminifer that calcifies at relatively shallow depths within the Atlantic waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea during late summer,» which they compared with the temporal histories of various proxies of concomitant solar activity... This work revealed, as the seven scientists describe it, that «the lowest isotope values (highest temperatures) of the last millennium are seen ~ 1100 - 1300 A.D., during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and again after ~ 1950 A.D.» In between these two warm intervals, of course, were the colder temperatures of the Little Ice Age, when oscillatory thermal minima occurred at the times of the Dalton, Maunder, Sporer and Wolf solar minima, such that the δ18O proxy record of near - surface water temperature was found to be «robustly and near - synchronously correlated with various proxies of solar variability spanning the last millennium,» with decade - to century - scale temperature variability of 1 to 2 °C magnitude.»

Needed measurements include not only the conventional climatic variables (temperature and precipitation), but also the time - varying, three - dimensional spatial fields of ozone, water vapor, clouds, and aerosols, all of which have the potential to cause surface and lower to mid-tropospheric temperatures to change relative to one another.

Measurements of stable isotopes of planktonic and benthic foram and diatom shells have been taken from hundreds of deep - sea cores around the world to map past surface and bottom water temperatures.

The fall, revealed by Nasa satellite measurements of the lower atmosphere, has been caused by the end of El Nino — the warming of surface waters in a vast area of the Pacific west of Central America.

But even so, most of the hidden CO2 is recovered, as the measurements are either at sufficient vacuum to evaporate all surface water and elevated temperature (below freezing) by crushing or all ice is sublimated.

When partnered with cloud remote sensing observations the radiation measurements and retrievals allow the characterization of cloud and aerosol radiative effects at the surface, which is essential in order to quantify the amount of radiative energy available at the surface to interact with heating the air, evaporating water, and interacting with clouds and greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

Corrections: Del Genio et al. (1991); Raval and Ramanathan (1989) found that satellite infrared measurements gave «compelling evidence for the positive feedback between surface temperature, water vapour and the greenhouse effect; the magnitude of the feedback is consistent with that predicted by climate models;» similarly, Rind et al. (1991), p. 500; Sun and Held (1996); and the final nail in the coffin, Soden et.

The maps above combine data from the twin satellites of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) with other satellite and ground - based measurements to model the relative amount of water stored near the surface and underground as of September 17, 2012.

From the beginning, there were serious concerns within the scientific community (both research and operational) about the viability of passive microwave measurements of ocean surface vector winds, especially in storms and in other areas of rain and large amounts of cloud liquid water.