However, it is difficult to conceive how the complex unity and integration of parts of a past experience can be
mediated by the brain.
Naturally, every behavior is
mediated by the brain, but the language «brain disease» carries the connotation that the afflicted person is helpless before his own brain chemistry.
Age - related changes in the amygdala, hippocampus and frontal cortex, as well as cognitive and behavioral processes
mediated by these brain regions have been related to alterations in 5 - HT function, which may occur as a result of disrupted gut - microbiome - dependent metabolism.»
Not exact matches
We can be aware in a general way of the role of our eyes in
mediating visual experience, but we have no awareness of the work of the
brain or of the process
by which its work is translated into our conscious experience.
Physical punishment is associated with a range of mental health problems in children, youth and adults, including depression, unhappiness, anxiety, feelings of hopelessness, use of drugs and alcohol, and general psychological maladjustment.26 — 29 These relationships may be
mediated by disruptions in parent — child attachment resulting from pain inflicted
by a caregiver, 30,31
by increased levels of cortisol32 or
by chemical disruption of the
brain's mechanism for regulating stress.33 Researchers are also finding that physical punishment is linked to slower cognitive development and adversely affects academic achievement.34 These findings come from large longitudinal studies that control for a wide range of potential confounders.35 Intriguing results are now emerging from neuroimaging studies, which suggest that physical punishment may reduce the volume of the
brain's grey matter in areas associated with performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edition (WAIS - III).36 In addition, physical punishment can cause alterations in the dopaminergic regions associated with vulnerability to the abuse of drugs and alcohol.37
«
Brain's insular cortex
mediates approach and avoidance responses to others in distress: Changes in insular cortex excitability, caused
by the hormone oxytocin, inform social affective behaviors.»
Artistic expression has all the earmarks of a genetically evolved capacity: It appears early in life, is enjoyable for its own sake, exists across all cultures, and is
mediated by ancient neural pathways in the
brain.
Whether Arc is involved in regulating the plasticity of other neurological functions
mediated by other
brain structures, like learning, memory, or repair, remains to be tested but will be examined in the future, says Shepherd.
The caudate nucleus, a part of the
brain that
mediates the effects of drugs that make you feel good, is lit up
by this procedure.
Kimberly Young, PhD, an NIH / NIDA Post-doctoral Fellow at Penn, and first author of the study explained that, «Drug reward and motivation is largely
mediated by dopamine transmission in the
brain's reward circuit — even drug «reminder cues» can cause dopamine release.
The new findings are the latest evidence that eating is a complex biological behavior
mediated by multiple sites in the
brain.
«Our research shows that combination treatment with the two compounds can promote resilience against stress -
mediated depression - like phenotypes
by modulating systemic inflammatory responses and
brain synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of depression,» says Jun Wang, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Neurology and first author on the paper.
Differentiating positive and negative feedback occurs in the
brain's fronto - striatal network, and is
mediated by dopamine, a neurotransmitter that has been shown to alleviate fatigue in traumatic
brain injury, cancer, Parkinson's disease and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Differentiating positive and negative feedback occurs in the
brain's fronto - striatal network, and is
mediated by dopamine, a neurotransmitter that has been shown to alleviate fatigue in
Intracerebroventricular but not intravenous interleukin - 1 [beta] induces widespread vascular -
mediated leukocyte infiltration and immune signal mRNA expression followed
by brain - wide glial activation.
Therefore, the mechanism proposed behind decreased female central insulin sensitivity is a modulation caused
by brain estrogen signaling, potentially
mediated by estrogen effects on ERα in various regions of the hypothalamus.
Patients with PNDs carry antibodies that specifically target these proteins, but identifying the target antigens — intracellular proteins — challenged the dogma that the antibodies
mediate disease
by causing an autoimmune attack on
brain tissue.
Recently, a research team led
by Dr. Cynthia A. Lemere of the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases at Brigham and Women's Hospital utilized C3 - deficient mice, B6; 129S4 - C3tm1Crr / J (003641) to investigate whether the C3 -
mediated synaptic pruning mechanisms at work in the developing
brain also contribute to cognitive decline in the aging
brain.
Research suggests certain regions of the
brain influence moral reasoning and increasingly establishes psychopathy as a biological condition explained
by defective neural circuits that
mediate empathy.
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone -
mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated
by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in
brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting
This «fight - or - flight» hormone is produced
by the adrenal cortex (the part of the
brain the
mediates stress), and typically rises to incredibly high levels then drastically plummets during long periods of stress.
Your depression is caused
by an interferon - gamma
mediated immune response in the
brain, probably caused
by a viral or bacterial infection.
This effect is
mediated by several mechanisms, including attenuation of
brain - derived neurotrophic factor.»
Indeed, insulin plays many vital roles in the
brain: it
mediates neuronal growth and metabolism, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity; promotes neuronal survival
by inhibiting apoptosis; and regulates cognition and memory.
Furthermore, some of the positive effects of intermittent fasting on glucose homeostasis may be
mediated by the nervous system, mainly
by the increased production of
brain - derived neurotrophic factor, which increases the resistance of neurones to dysfunction and degeneration in animal models [3].
CB2 cannabinoid agonists such as WIN55,212 - 2 inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS,
by mediating apoptosis of the encephalitogenic cells that induce
brain inflammation (41).
The distinction between specific and nonspecific attraction is important because they're
mediated by different
brain circuits and hormones.
This inflammation can be caused
by infection of the
brain (bacterial, viral, fungal and parasites are examples of infectious causes of encephalitis) or can be immune -
mediated; which means the body's immune system is malfunctioning and creating abnormal inflammation for reasons we do not fully understand.
We hypothesized that the dog's choice was
mediated by a «hidden» state within her
brain; therefore, we used a simple, two - state, hidden Markov model (Rabiner, 1989; Eddy, 1996) to model sequential choice.
ACT - activated clotting time (bleeding disorders) ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal gland function) Ag - antigen test for proteins specific to a disease causing organism or virus Alb - albumin (liver, kidney and intestinal disorders) Alk - Phos, ALP alkaline phosphatase (liver and adrenal disorders) Allergy Testing intradermal or blood antibody test for allergen hypersensitivity ALT - alanine aminotransferase (liver disorder) Amyl - amylase enzyme — non specific (pancreatitis) ANA - antinuclear antibody (systemic lupus erythematosus) Anaplasmosis Anaplasma spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time (blood clotting ability) AST - aspartate aminotransferase (muscle and liver disorders) Band band cell — type of white blood cell Baso basophil — type of white blood cell Bile Acids digestive acids produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder (liver function) Bili bilirubin (bile pigment responsible for jaundice from liver disease or RBC destruction) BP - blood pressure measurement BUN - blood urea nitrogen (kidney and liver function) Bx biopsy C & S aerobic / anaerobic bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity test (infection, drug selection) Ca +2 calcium ion — unbound calcium (parathyroid gland function) CBC - complete blood count (all circulating cells) Chol cholesterol (liver, thyroid disorders) CK, CPK creatine [phospho] kinase (muscle disease, heart disease) Cl - chloride ion — unbound chloride (hydration, blood pH) CO2 - carbon dioxide (blood pH) Contrast Radiograph x-ray image using injected radiopaque contrast media Cortisol hormone produced
by the adrenal glands (adrenal gland function) Coomb's anti- red blood cell antibody test (immune -
mediated hemolytic anemia) Crea creatinine (kidney function) CRT - capillary refill time (blood pressure, tissue perfusion) DTM - dermatophyte test medium (ringworm — dermatophytosis) EEG - electroencephalogram (
brain function, epilepsy) Ehrlichia Ehrlichia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) EKG, ECG - electrok [c] ardiogram (electrical heart activity, heart arryhthmia) Eos eosinophil — type of white blood cell Fecal, flotation, direct intestinal parasite exam FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus test FIA Feline Infectious Anemia: aka Feline Hemotrophic Mycoplasma, Haemobartonella felis test FIV Feline Immunodeficiency Virus test Fluorescein Stain fluorescein stain uptake of cornea (corneal ulceration) fT4, fT4ed, freeT4ed thyroxine hormone unbound
by protein measured
by equilibrium dialysis (thyroid function) GGT gamma - glutamyltranferase (liver disorders) Glob globulin (liver, immune system) Glu blood or urine glucose (diabetes mellitus) Gran granulocytes — subgroup of white blood cells Hb, Hgb hemoglobin — iron rich protein bound to red blood cells that carries oxygen (anemia, red cell mass) HCO3 - bicarbonate ion (blood pH) HCT, PCV, MHCT hematocrit, packed - cell volume, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) K + potassium ion — unbound potassium (kidney disorders, adrenal gland disorders) Lipa lipase enzyme — non specific (pancreatitis) LYME Borrelia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) Lymph lymphocyte — type of white blood cell MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (anemia, iron deficiency) MCV mean corpuscular volume — average red cell size (anemia, iron deficiency) Mg +2 magnesium ion — unbound magnesium (diabetes, parathyroid function, malnutrition) MHCT, HCT, PCV microhematocrit, hematocrit, packed - cell volume (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) MIC minimum inhibitory concentration — part of the C&S that determines antimicrobial selection Mono monocyte — type of white blood cell MRI magnetic resonance imaging (advanced tissue imaging) Na + sodium ion — unbound sodium (dehydration, adrenal gland disease) nRBC nucleated red blood cell — immature red blood cell (bone marrow damage, lead toxicity) PCV, HCT, MHCT packed - cell volume, hematocrit, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) PE physical examination pH urine pH (urinary tract infection, urolithiasis) Phos phosphorus (kidney disorders, ketoacidosis, parathyroid function) PLI pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (pancreatitis) PLT platelet — cells involved in clotting (bleeding disorders) PT prothrombin time (bleeding disorders) PTH parathyroid hormone, parathormone (parathyroid function) Radiograph x-ray image RBC red blood cell count (anemia) REL Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever / Ehrlichia / Lyme combination test Retic reticulocyte — immature red blood cell (regenerative vs. non-regenerative anemia) RMSF Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever SAP serum alkaline phosphatase (liver disorders) Schirmer Tear Test tear production test (keratoconjunctivitis sicca — dry eye,) Seg segmented neutrophil — type of white blood cell USG Urine specific gravity (urine concentration, kidney function) spec cPL specific canine pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test spec fPL specific feline pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test T4 thyroxine hormone — total (thyroid gland function) TLI trypsin - like immunoreactivity (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) TP total protein (hydration, liver disorders) TPR temperature / pulse / respirations (physical exam vital signs) Trig triglycerides (fat metabolism, liver disorders) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone (thyroid gland function) UA urinalysis (kidney function, urinary tract infection, diabetes) Urine Cortisol - Crea Ratio urine cortisol - creatine ratio (screening test for adrenal gland disease) Urine Protein - Crea Ratio urine protein - creatinine ratio (kidney disorders) VWF VonWillebrands factor (bleeding disorder) WBC white blood cell count (infection, inflammation, bone marrow suppression)
By contrast, experiments simulating future ocean acidification suggest that interference of high CO2 with
brain neurotransmitter function is the primary cause for olfactory -
mediated behavioural impairment in fish.
Conclusions and Relevance The influence of poverty on children's learning and achievement is
mediated by structural
brain development.
Thus, the improved self - regulation following IBMT may be
mediated by the increase of communication efficiency between the ACC and other
brain areas (5, 16).
These results challenged the traditional doctrine of «localization of function» — the idea that
brain functions were
mediated by and localized to specific
brain regions.