Glacier
melt water contribution to river flows is scale dependent and varies considerably across the east — west climatic zones of the HKH.
If the glacial
melt water contribution to sea level is overestimated, then, the unaccounted - for contribution to sea level rise becomes much larger than initially thought.
Not exact matches
While there is ample evidence of increasing fresh
water contribution from
melting glaciers and of an AMOC slow down since the 1930s the cold spot intensification last winter and this winter could also be caused by the extraordinarily intense low pressure areas that have slammed this region since last February and the intensification and northeastwards displacement of the subtropical Bermuda / Azores high.
Scientific knowledge input into process based models has much improved, reducing uncertainty of known science for some components of sea - level rise (e.g. steric changes), but when considering other components (e.g. ice
melt from ice sheets, terrestrial
water contribution) science is still emerging, and uncertainties remain high.
Sea ice
melt showed the greatest
contribution to
water masses in the Beaufort Sea and Canada Basin (fSIM up to 0.219) and comparatively low
contributions in the Makarov Basin and Sever Spur areas (fSIM up to 0.061; Table 1, Figure 7).
A study by scientists at the University of Washington concluded that heat from the sun made the greatest
contribution to the
melting, with sunlight adding twice as much heat to the
water as was typical before 2000.
4
Contribution to SLR
Melting land base ice Thermal expansion of
water due to increase in the temperature.
The IPCC projections of sea level rise are based largely on the slow, steady and inexorable thermal expansion of the oceans (as
water heats, its volume increases) with some additional
contributions from the
melting of mountain glaciers (almost all of which are expected to be gone by mid century).
Impact of snow and glacier
melt on the
water security of users of the Ganges, India Ewout Zwolsman, an MSc student from Wageningen University, assessed for the HighNoon project the
contribution of snow - and ice
melt to the
water demand in the Ganges basin as part of his final Masters thesis.
It, too has significant transverse structure and is a global transporter of heat as complex currents move
water around based on its temperature, salinity / density, wind direction at the surface, heat sources at depth, evaporation, the coriolis force, the shape of the ocean bottom, and freshwater
contributions from e.g. rivers and
melting ice.