Sentences with phrase «melting at the surface»

There is already strong evidence that anthropogenic forcing has played a significant role in the collapse of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, cause by significant melting at the surface during summer.

(Of course, things can certainly sped up if we start getting lots and lots and lots of melt at the surface all the way to the summit, but we're not there yet (it's still only a few days / year and a few hours / day up there.

Changing this profile — even with major melting at the surface — will take on order of the characteristic response time, of about 3000 m / 0.25 m / year (height over accumulation rate) = 12,000 years.

Finally, there is another way how ice sheets can contribute to sea level rise: rather than melting at the surface, they can start to flow more rapidly.

Nearly the entire ice cover of Greenland, from its thin, low - lying coastal edges to its 2 - mile - thick (3.2 - kilometer) center, experienced some degree of melting at its surface, according to measurements from three independent satellites analyzed by NASA and university scientists.

As ice in Greenland melts at the surface, water carves fissures and reaches the base, where ice meets land.

According to NOAA's 2012 Arctic Report Card, the duration of melting at the surface of the ice sheet in summer 2012 was the longest since satellite observations began in 1979, and the total amount of summer melting was nearly double the previous record, set in 2010 (satellite records of melting go back to 1979.)

What is actually happening is that ice is melting at the surface and forming lakes that drain down into the crevasses.

Scenarios of deglaciation (Meehl et al., 2007 Section 10.7.4.4) assume that any such increase would be outweighed by accelerated discharge of ice following weakening or collapse of an ice shelf due to melting at its surface or its base (*).

Most of the massive ice sheet that covers roughly four fifths of Greenland melts at the surface in summer.

This means that a clean snowpack (one with no impurities) that has melted at the surface can have a lower broadband albedo than a cold snowpack with impurities, despite the fact that the clean snowpack might still appear brighter to our eyes.

Not exact matches

Chilled pie dough plus a lightly floured work surface will give you the best shot at rolling out your dough while avoiding a melted mess.

1) Melt butter 2) Dissolve sugar in melted butter 3) Mix sugar butter mixture with self - raising flour until homogenously mixed 4) Knead cookie dough with your hands on a cool, flat surface, using a rolling pin to flatten it to 0.7 cm thickness 5) Use a round cookie cutter to cut out round pieces 6) Arrange the cookie dough pieces on a greased baking tray 7) Bake at 200 deg cel for 8 — 10 minutes or until they turn slightly golden brown 8) Spread dulce de leche on one cookie, and cover it with another cookie 9) Coat the sides of the cookie sandwich (the parts where dulce de leche is exposed) with shredded coconut

So, working with one bagel at a time brush the rounded surface with some of the melted butter.

«We can control whether the carbon forms one or two monolayers on the surface of the material by manipulating the intensity of the laser and the depth of the melting,» says Jay Narayan, the John C. Fan Distinguished Chair Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at NC State and senior author of a paper describing the work.

Over the course of time, this may have led to peaks in deep mantle melting and possibly to major volcanic events at the Earth's surface.

«One example of this interfacial slip phenomenon is when the polymer melts slip at the mold boundary and causes surface roughness or cracking,» says Sohdam Jeong of Energy and Chemical Engineering at UNIST, the first author of the study.

Located approximately 16 to 2,300 feet below the glacier, the five ocean sensors are connected to a weather station at the surface, creating the first cabled observatory on a floating, moving, and rapidly melting Greenland glacier.

At one point, 97 per cent of the sheet's surface was melting, leading to floods that washed away bridges.

On Pluto, a slurry of nitrogen and water ice melted by subsurface heat stands in for lava, the team suggests, freezing solid once it is exposed at the surface.

A strong sun will melt surface snow, which then refreezes at night into an icy crust, off of which the next layer of snow can easily slip.

«Instead of emerging at the surface, much of that heat is melting the ice shelves,» Hansen says, producing more fresh water and amplifying the feedback.

Untersee is a good model for Mars, he says, because it is supplied by subglacial melt — water that accumulates at the bottom of an ice pile — rather than from surface melting, which does not occur on Mars.

Box pointed to nearly ice - sheet - wide melting on Greenland, with extensive surface melting documented for first time at the highest elevations of ice sheet, and the longest melt season since satellite observations began in 1979.

David Ullman, a postdoctoral researcher at Oregon State University and lead author on the study, said there are two mechanisms through which ice sheets diminish — dynamically, from the jettisoning of icebergs at the fringes, or by a negative «surface mass balance,» which compares the amount of snow accumulation relative to melting.

When snow melts in response to warming, more sunlight can be absorbed at Earth's surface because most surfaces have a lower reflectivity than snow.

The great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, which rise to over 13,000 feet above sea level, accumulate ice over most of their surfaces and melt only at their lower elevations near the edges.

This represents the stage at which the planet's solid rocky core begins to melt, creating a molten material that sloshes around in Mercury's mantle before erupting onto the surface.

The first is «sintering,» a process similar to melting, in which the Teflon is heated at a very high temperature and pressed firmly onto a surface.

Volcanologists at the University have discovered that a process called frictional melting plays a role in determining how a volcano will erupt, by dictating how fast magma can ascend to the surface, and how much resistance it faces en - route.

That's because the IPCC models only take into account temperature changes at the surface of glaciers, but not the rapid melting that occurs when glaciers calve and break up into the ocean, Rignot said.

Kattenhorn and Prockter saw ice volcanoes on the overriding plate, possibly formed through melting and absorption of the slab as it dove below the surface, and a lack of mountains at the subduction zone, implying material was pushed into the interior rather than crumpled up as the two plates mashed against each other.

However, ice is a poor conductor so, unless ice is very thin or the geothermal heat flux very high, tends not to influence melt at the ice surface.

However, it's quite a different matter melting a long - lived massive ice sheet up to 1.5 km thick that covers over 70 % of the land surface (as happened at the end of the last glacial period), from melting isolated and much thinner ice caps / sheets that only cover about 11 % of the land surface (i.e. present - day).»

«The DIC lakes are situated within bedrock troughs in mountainous terrain, exist at temperatures well below the pressure - melting point, do not receive surface meltwater input, and likely consist of hypersaline water derived from dissolution of a surrounding salt - bearing geological formation,» the researchers reported.

In 2015, a team led by the University of Michigan's Sharon Glotzer used high - performance computing at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL] to study melting in two - dimensional (2 - D) systems, a problem that could yield insights into surface interactions in materials important to technologies like solar panels, as well as into the mechanism behind three - dimensional melting.

Zircons in rocks at the surface of the planet would not likely have survived in the vast melt sheets.

Unlike the great ice sheet of Antarctica, the Greenland ice sheet is melting both on its surface and also at outlet glaciers that drain the ice sheet's mass through deep fjords, where these glaciers extend out into the ocean and often terminate in dynamic calving fronts, giving up gigaton - sized icebergs at times.

As Arctic temperatures rise at about double the rate of the planet as a whole, Greenland's surface has been melting at a steady clip, contributing about 30 percent of the foot of global sea level rise since 1900.

One year without a net loss also doesn't buck the long - term trend of Greenland losing ice, both from surface melt and from ocean waters eating away at glaciers that flow out to sea.

During the first burn keep your candle lit for at least 2.5 hours and preferable until the entire surface has melted.

Because it has less surface area than individual cubes, it will melt at a much slower pace.

Personages of sorts, they are crown - wearing, multi-scoop stacked cones, often inhabited by sleepy shrine groupies that hold to disconnected phone receivers or lick at melting, sugary surfaces.

But at the same time, every discrete element appears to be melting in paint drips down the surface.

Collar's exhibitions and performances include: A rock that keeps tigers away, group exhibition, Kunstverein München, Munich, July 2017; a performance event and micro residency, Kunstraum, London, June 2017; Plural Melts at Yvonne Lambert, Berlin, 2017; Tall Tales, touring group exhibition and performance, Freud Museum, London, Touchstones Gallery and Museum, Rochdale and Glasgow Women's Library 2016; Tarantallegra, group exhibition, Hester, New York, July - Aug 2016; Secret Surface, group exhibition, KW, Berlin, Feb - May 2016; 11/50, solo exhibition, Fig - 2, ICA, London, March 2015; Probably, Like a Melon Rolling Off a Table: Part II, solo performance for Saturday Live, Serpentine Galleries, London, Jan 2015; Secret Agents, group exhibition, Finnish Museum of Photography, Helsinki, Sept - Oct 2015; PALIMPSEST, performance collaboration with William Cobbing at Hayward Gallery Project Space, London, 2014; Let's Make Another Possible Now, group performance event as part of ANTIKNOW at Flat Time House, London, 2014.

Richard B. Alley, an expert on Greenland's ice sheet at Penn State, told me it's still possible that flows of meltwater from surface lakes could start large areas of ice moving seaward, particularly if the melt zones continue to expand inland as they have been doing for years now.

The physical processes by which energy might be added into the glacier material include: (A) convection between the glacier surfaces and local surrounding atmosphere and water, (B) direct radiation onto the exposed surfaces of the material, (C) addition of material that is at a temperature higher than the melting temperature onto the top of the glacier (rain, say), (D) Sublimation of the ice directly into the atmosphere, and (E) conduction into the material from the contact areas between the glacier and surrounding solid material.

Winter snow tends to accumulate in the crevasses and gullies, so that at the end of winter there is already ice at the surface — so the melt season very close to the margin is very long.

BTW, my fearless «denialism forecast» for the next month is for declining mentions of surface temperature trends, 30 - 50 % chance of more scientist bashing, and sporadic outbreaks of «Arctic sea ice recovery» — at least until the melting season gathers some steam.

The point about heating (adding energy) vs warming (temperatures going up) is a very good one — it might help if the scientists involved with the major temperature series people look at (GISS, RSS, etc) also produced a global surface energy change index that accounted for things like melting ice, which absorb heat without raising temperatures.