This amounts to approximately 29 and 24 hours per week
of mental labor for mothers and fathers, respectively.
Overall, Offer found that working mothers engaged
in mental labor in about one fourth, and working fathers in one fifth, of their waking time.
However, mothers and fathers both spent about 30 percent of the time they were engaged in
mental labor thinking about family matters.
«I expected the gender gap
in mental labor, especially those aspects of it that are related to family, to be much larger,» Offer said.
As for why, engaging in family -
specific mental labor negatively affected the well - being of mothers, but not fathers, Offer said she thinks societal expectations push mothers to assume the role of household managers and lead them to disproportionately address the less pleasant aspects of family care.
Thus, human beings, earlier liberated from physical drudgery by the simpler machines, are now being emancipated also
from mental labor by cybernetic machines.
But we have food and heat, and classes don't start for two days (and I may think of something — employ
sophisticated mental labor — before then).
In terms of policy implications, Offer said her study suggests that fathers need to take a greater role in family care to
make mental labor less stressful for working mothers and ease the double burden that they experience.
Although working mothers and fathers are almost as likely to think about family matters throughout the day, only for mothers is this type of
mental labor associated with increased stress and negative emotions, according to new research to be presented at the 108th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.
But in asking the player to perform
meaningful mental labor to accomplish the task at hand, the banal becomes surprisingly gratifying.
Offer also used the ESM responses to create two categories for emotional behavior: 1) positive, meaning the emotions associated with a
particular mental labor caused cheerful, relaxed, or happy feelings and 2) negative, meaning emotions associated with the mental - labor created feelings of stress or worry.
Twenty - five percent of the time fathers engaged in job -
specific mental labor, they did so in non-work contexts, compared to 34 percent among mothers.
«I believe that what makes this type
of mental labor an overall negative and stressful experience for mothers only is that they are the ones judged and held accountable for family - related matters,» she said.
Offer also found that while fathers spent a greater percentage of the time they engaged in
mental labor thinking about work - related matters than mothers, thoughts and concerns about work were less likely to spillover into non-work domains among fathers.
«What my research actually shows is that gender differences
in mental labor are more a matter of quality than quantity.»
By setting up automatic transfers from your checking to your savings account, you're getting rid of
the mental labor it takes to actually commit to saving.
A new balance of manual and
mental labor, work and celebration, male and female traits have been experimented with.
According to Marx and Teilhard, the socialization of consciousness will dissolve the barriers that separate physical and
mental labor, allowing the Marxian individual of the future to hunt in the morning and philosophize after dinner, and enabling the Teilhardian «man in the street» to do research in physics or biology.
This mental labor is the focus of my study.»
These thoughts and concerns —
mental labor — can impair our performance, make it difficult to focus on tasks, and even hurt our sleep.
A hard day of physical or
mental labor will leave anyone feeling exhausted.
By setting up automatic transfers from your checking to your savings account, you're getting rid of
the mental labor it takes to actually commit to saving.
Using the body as conduit, McVey proposes athleticism through the lens of solitude and
mental labor.
A prime candidate for disability insurance is someone like a doctor, who has very high student loans to pay off, requires a lot of physical and
mental labor to practice his or her job, and can expect to earn a high income when his or her residency is complete.
Earned income is compensation for physical and
mental labor.
At some point, in fact, the rigor may feel like too much, and you'll want to liberate yourself by outsourcing
your mental labor.
She then divided respondents» experiences into three categories of
mental labor: 1) general mental labor, which includes day - to - day planning of activities such as making sure you're not late to something 2) family - specific mental labor, which includes thoughts about family matters and 3) job - specific mental labor, which includes thinking about things relating to the participants paid job.
According to a recent piece on the Smithsonian website, although «women and men spend the same amount of time worrying about family matters, women feel a disproportional amount negative emotional affects — stress, depression, and the like — from
this mental labor.»