A
metaphysical system refers to a set of beliefs or theories about reality, existence, and the nature of the universe. It is an organized framework for understanding aspects of reality beyond the physical world that cannot be measured or observed directly.
Full definition
And this is what I mean — that there may be many different
metaphysical systems which are internally consistent, although they are inadequate.
Our response to this cry may be rendered more intelligent if we understand the call within the framework of a
good metaphysical system.
In particular, he now welcomed metaphysical questions, while continuing to doubt the utility these days
of metaphysical systems.
She is currently working on an anthology concerning approaches to environmental problems with a biologist and has published an article on Whitehead's
metaphysical system as a foundation for environmental ethics in Environmental Ethics 8/3.
Similarly Hartshorne writes: «
By metaphysical system, I mean one in which the attempt is made to generalize all ideas to the fullest possible extent» (LP 219).
Its defining assumption is that «the whole of Whitehead's
metaphysical system finds complete expression between the covers of Process and Reality» (48).
It rejects the assumption made by the traditional approach, that Whitehead's
whole metaphysical system is found in Process and Reality.
Harvey Cox has pointed out that secularization is, in Dietrich Bonhoeffer «s words, «man «s coming of age,» a freeing from the bondage of all
closed metaphysical systems.2.
Here, indeed, would have been the ideal context for Whitehead to explore the evolutionary dimensions of his
own metaphysical system — or perhaps to outline, at least, his own alternative evolutionary cosmology.
More importantly, each, including Ford, arrived at his interpretation of Whitehead's thought by means of the traditional approach — the approach that expects to find, within the confines of Process and Reality, the whole of Whitehead's
mature metaphysical system.
In a programmatic essay entitled «Whitehead Without God» (PPCT 305 - 28), Donald W. Sherburne sets out to demonstrate that a viable,
coherent metaphysical system can be maintained by shifting the role assigned to God in Whitehead's cosmology to other factors within that scheme.
The variety of their thought about Jesus will be apparent but so also will be their agreement that the person and action of Jesus is of importance in any thorough -
going metaphysical system and above all in such a scheme as evolutionary or process views of the world demand.
Since the sentences of Whitehead's
metaphysical system violated this criterion, they and the system as a whole were dismissed as meaningless, suitable perhaps for expressing feelings of awe and reverence towards the whole of which we are a part, but not for conveying what is true or false and what can be accepted or rejected on rational, philosophic grounds.
Whitehead's
metaphysical system led to Hartshorne's exploring the theological implications surrounding the problem of evil and the necessity to reinterpret the omnipotence of God as understood in Thomism.
And yet, paradoxically, that same commentator speaks, somewhat dismissively, of
metaphysical systems like Spinoza's as depending on the generalizing of metaphors («logical doctrines and linguistic analogies» — 6: 218f).
Whitehead notes that «an old
established metaphysical system gains a false air of adequate precision from the fact that its words and phrases have passed into current literature» (PR 13), leading to a «false» presumption of descriptive precision that assumes the obvious simplicity of the philosophical statements offered.
The recognition of both our perspectival limitations and the interrelated nature of reality leads Whitehead to argue, similarly to Peirce and James, for an
open metaphysical system that continually seeks «better» descriptions of the whole of reality.
I have said that
metaphysical systems tend to distort the pluralism and variety of experience; in the interests of coherence and comprehensiveness they tend to impose a set of categories from one domain as the key to the interpretation of all domains.
That is, religious language makes cognitive claims which go beyond practical and attitudinal uses, but such claims are more modest than those of all -
inclusive metaphysical systems.
Ferré grants that these criteria are not at all precise and that they are often in tension with one another, but he believes they can be used to
evaluate metaphysical systems.
Unlike Mill, for whom this is an empirical claim about human nature, however, Hartshorne views it as an implication of a
Whiteheadian metaphysical system which is held to be valid for all possible states of the universe.5 In this system, experiences (or «feelings») are the primitive constituents of all reality.
A distinction has been established between two groups in the camp of those who contend that Whitehead always held the
same metaphysical system.
Furthermore, of itself it furnishes no antecedent evidence whatever against the viability of at least some form
of metaphysical system which would postulate a world of interrelated, dynamic Entities which endure in time as essentially self - identical individuals, which move themselves to their own activities, and which, precisely by themselves changing, change their accidental qualities over time.