These techniques include: human tissue created by reprogramming cells from people with the relevant disease (dubbed «
patient in a dish»); «body on a chip» devices, where human tissue samples on a silicon chip are linked by a circulating blood substitute; many computer modelling approaches, such as virtual organs, virtual
patients and virtual clinical trials; and
microdosing studies, where tiny doses of drugs given to volunteers allow scientists to study their metabolism in humans, safely and with unsurpassed accuracy.