The word
"microglial" refers to a type of cell found in the brain and spinal cord called microglia. These cells are important for maintaining a healthy brain and helping to protect it from harm.
Full definition
Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have increased brain levels of a marker of
microglial activation, a sign of inflammation, according to a new study in Biological Psychiatry by researchers at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
Since the recent discovery of
microglial function in the 1990's, they have become the focus how the brain responds and recovered from injury.
They found increased
microglial activity in both those who had schizophrenia, and those who had been classified as ultra-high risk.
A PET scanner can then detect the radioactive particles emitted from inside the brain, representing areas of
increased microglial activation before and after immune stimulation with LPS.
July 21, 2016 Antibiotic treatment weakens progression of Alzheimer's disease through changes in the gut microbiome Long - term treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics decreased levels of amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, and activated
inflammatory microglial cells in the brains of mice in a new study by neuroscientists from the University of Chicago.
Dr. Ajami's research aims to characterize
microglial responses in a wide range of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases to develop new therapies through a better understanding of their roles and the associated regulatory mechanisms.
Post-stroke Intranasal (+)- Naloxone Delivery
Reduces Microglial Activation and Improves Behavioral Recovery from Ischemic Injury
Scientists have found that a decrease in
microglial brain cell function is associated with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological problems.
Decreased microglial activation through gut - brain axis by prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics effectively restored cognitive function in obese - insulin resistant rats.
Radiation treatment also triggers a response
from microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system.
However, that assay doesn't pinpoint the moment of activation or provide a straightforward way to quantify the connections
between microglial activation and gene expression patterns.
Shankaran, M.; Marino, M. E.; Busch, R.; Keim, C.; King, C.; Lee, J.; Killion, S.; Awada, M.; Hellerstein, M. K. Measurement of brain
microglial proliferation rates in vivo in response to neuroinflammatory stimuli: application to drug discovery.
The activation of Toll - like receptor 2, for example, triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines
by microglial cells (3).
While it is known that microglia immune activity changes with aging, which response is affected first — the pro-inflammatory or the anti-inflammatory — or, more importantly,
when microglial aging begins is not clear, says Jyoti Watters of the University of Wisconsin - Madison and lead investigator of the study.
LDN is an anti-inflammatory agent in the central nervous system, via action
on microglial cells.
In both groups of mice, the expected deleterious effects on memory and learning didn't arise if EP2
within microglial cells was absent, as a result of a genetic manipulation.
Klegeris, A. and McGeer, P.L. Chymotrypsin - like proteases contribute to human monocytic THP - 1 cell, as well as
microglial neurotoxicity.
S - but not R - enantiomers of flurbiprofen and ibuprofen reduce
human microglial and THP - 1 cell neurotoxicity.
Building on her work in
characterizing microglial subpopulations, she proposes to decipher the precise anatomical location and proximity of microglia most likely to drive neurodegeneration and synapse loss.
Eggen and his collaborators investigated the impact of high - and low - fat diets on inflammation and
microglial markers in a specific brain region — the hypothalamus — of 6 - month - old mice.
The evidence for immune activation was most prominent in the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region involved in mood regulation and implicated in the biological origin of depression, confirming the results of a previous study that first identified
altered microglial activation in medication - free MDD patients.
Blocking
microglial EP2 activity significantly improved these animals» performance on two kinds of standard memory tests: one that assesses how quickly a mouse forgets that it has encountered an object before, and another that rates the mouse's ability to remember where a food reward is in a maze.
Identification of
Microglial States in Neurological Diseases - Immunostaining with JIR Secondary...
For instance, motion pictures of living brain cells taken through a microscope reveal
tiny microglial cells that look like spiders and climb the trunks and branches of neurons cleaning up debris and performing who knows what other functions.
In this reconstituted schematic, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) transplanted in a mouse model of Friedreich's ataxia differentiate
into microglial cells (red) and transfer mitochondrial protein (green) to neurons (blue), preventing neurodegeneration.
And there are plenty of other questions, such as how exactly tamoxifen protects
against microglial malfeasance.
«The field now has two independent reports — our study and a 2015 report by Setiawan and colleagues in Toronto — showing essentially the same thing: that there is evidence for inflammation, more
specifically microglial activation, in the brains of living patients during a major depressive episode,» said Dr. Talbot.
These findings suggest that female sex hormones may
cause microglial activation and subsequent neuronal damage.
In mouse models, we will compare and contrast the molecular makeup, structure, function, and behavior of
normal microglial cells with those lacking the APOE gene, and this comparison will not be done after isolation and culture in a Petri dish, as it has been done in the past, but in the natural environment, the brain.
Finally, the authors assessed motor neuron counts, finding that mice receiving MSCs lost significantly fewer motor neurons than the vehicle control group, with
less microglial activation and astrocytosis in the spinal cord.
With the help of this grant, we are generating mice engineered to switch off the APOE gene only in microglia and performing molecular profiling without having to
isolate microglial cells first.
Researchers have now been able to show that Aducanumab, a human monoclonal antibody, selectively binds brain amyloid plaques, thus
enabling microglial cells to remove the plaques.
As part of the study the team first used a form of optogenetics to establish that if gamma oscillations are increased, they will
energize microglial cells in areas such as the hippocampus.
Zhang W, Dallas S, Zhang D, Guo J - P, Wilson B, Miller DS, Chen B, Zhang W, McGeer PL, Hong J - S, Zhang
J. Microglial PHOX and Mac - 1 are essential to the enhanced dopaminergic neurodegeneration elicited by A30P and A53T mutant alpha - synuclein.
Hashioka S, Klegeris A, Monji A, Kato T, Sawada M, McGeer PL, Kanba S. Antidepressants inhibit interferon - g -
induced microglial production of IL - 6 and nitric oxide.
Sound waves opened the mice's blood - brain barrier and
stimulated microglial (waste - removal) cells to eradicate the beta - amyloid clumps.
The second, in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, found that the soluble TREM2 fragment also
supports microglial survival and turns on their inflammatory response — which in turn supports their ability to remove toxic amyloid clumps.
«Understanding the inflammatory process in the brain is critical if we are to develop better treatments not only for FTD, but for other forms of brain injury such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis (MS)-- which are likely also linked to
abnormal microglial activity.»
Previously the long - term benefits of hematopoietic stem - cell transplantation in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) are thought to be mediated by donor - derived replacement of myeloid derived cells, possibly
including microglial cells.
Reduced
retina microglial activation and improved optic nerve integrity with minocycline treatment in the DBA / 2J mouse model of glaucoma Bosco A., Inman, D.M., Steele, M.R., Wu, G., Soto, I., Marsh - Armstrong, N., Hubbard, W.C., Calkins, D.J., Horner, P.J. & Vetter, M.L. (2008) Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49:1437 - 46.
Phrases with «microglial»