Sentences with phrase «microwave measurements in»

The gravitational and microwave measurements in particular could soon reveal just how far the Spot extends into Jupiter — whether it floats like an iceberg near the top of the atmosphere, or instead bores deep into the planet's innards.

By the time NASA restarted its passive - microwave measurements in 1978, the hole had vanished.

Not exact matches

It is important to understand that using your microwave oven will expose you to an energy density of milliwatts per square centimeter (the standard energy unit measurement in the U.S.).

Microwave safe, hypo allergenic and dishwasher friendly, this translucent silicone sleeve allows you to see measurements and liquid in the bottle.

In 2000, the observation moved beyond a reasonable doubt, thanks to measurements of microwave radiation that rippled out from the original Big Bang.

NASA began taking passive - microwave measurements of sea ice in 1972, using an instrument aboard its Nimbus - 5 satellite.

FIFTY years ago, on 20 May 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, recorded their first astronomical measurements of microwave radiation from the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A.

«In many parts of the world microwave measurements systems can become a complement to CT scans and other imaging systems, which are often missing or have long waiting lists.»

«Precise measurements of cosmic microwave radiation reveal minute differences in temperature.

Results from a clinical study demonstrates that microwave measurements can be used for a rapid detection of intracranial bleeding in traumatic brain injuries.

«The result indicates that the microwave measurements can be useful in ambulances and in other care settings.»

There were even some hints of such «anisotropy» in the early 2000s, when measurements from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) spacecraft suggested that some subtle undulations in the motley CMB appeared to line up along a so - called «axis of evil» — which most researchers discount as a statistical fluke.

Based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae, measurements of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, and measurements of the correlation function of galaxies, the universe has a calculated age of 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years.

In contrast, the Scripps team opted to directly correlate albedo measurements made by NASA's CERES instrument data with observations of sea ice extent made by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM / I) radiometers aboard Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites.

In 2007 researchers saw hints of that pattern in preliminary measurements from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAPIn 2007 researchers saw hints of that pattern in preliminary measurements from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAPin preliminary measurements from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).

And Yoon and Ham applied an electric field at a microwave frequency, which allows for the direct measurement of the electrons» collective acceleration in the form of a phase delay in the current.

Since 2003, WMAP researchers have made more precise energy measurements of the microwaves that allow them to look farther back in time.

Measurements of Jovian gravity suggest that Jupiter's core is large and diffuse, and microwave views show that ammonia wells up to the cloud tops from deep in the atmosphere (SN: 6/24/17, p. 14).

Measurements based on the cosmic microwave background, the earliest light in the universe, suggest one rate of expansion, while measurements of nearby supernovas suggest aMeasurements based on the cosmic microwave background, the earliest light in the universe, suggest one rate of expansion, while measurements of nearby supernovas suggest ameasurements of nearby supernovas suggest a faster one.

With the help of EDMR, electrically detected magnetic resonance, an ultrasensitive method of measurement, they were able to determine the local defects» structure by detecting their magnetic fingerprint in the photo current of the solar cell under a magnetic field and microwave radiation.

* Correction, 26 August, 12:25 p.m.: The story has been updated to reflect that in the photo of Weiss at the lab bench, he is working on equipment for measurements of the cosmic microwave background.

All of these measurements were conducted with spectrometers built exclusively in the Ziurys group, which includes three mm / sub - mm / THz direct absorption spectrometers and one Fourier transform microwave / mm instrument.

Previously, the most precise test of cosmological models came from measurements with the European Space Agency's Planck satellite of what is known as the cosmic microwave background (CMB)-- a faint glow in the sky emitted 380,000 years after the Big Bang.

«Along with the microwave radiometer measurements, which have also shown surprises in the deep atmosphere, these results demonstrate that if we want to understand giant planets, we will need to study all of Jupiter,» Levin says.

While there remain disparities among different tropospheric temperature trends estimated from satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU and advanced MSU) measurements since 1979, and all likely still contain residual errors, estimates have been substantially improved (and data set differences reduced) through adjustments for issues of changing satellites, orbit decay and drift in local crossing time (i.e., diurnal cycle effects).

Group 1: Materials, Resonators, & Resonator Circuits A. Fundamental Properties of Materials B. Micro - and Macro-Fabrication Technology for Resonators and Filters C. Theory, Design, and Performance of Resonators and Filters, including BAW, FBAR, MEMS, NEMS, SAW, and others D. Reconfigurable Frequency Control Circuits, e.g., Arrays, Channelizers Group 2: Oscillators, Synthesizers, Noise, & Circuit Techniques A. Oscillators — BAW, MEMS, and SAW B. Oscillators - Microwave to Optical C. Heterogeneously Integrated Miniature Oscillators, e.g., Single - Chip D. Synthesizers, Multi-Resonator Oscillators, and Other Circuitry E. Noise Phenomena and Aging F. Measurements and Specifications G. Timing Error in Digital Systems and Applications Group 3: Microwave Frequency Standards A. Microwave Atomic Frequency Standards B. Atomic Clocks for Space Applications C. Miniature and Chip Scale Atomic Clocks and other instrumentation D. Fundamental Physics, Fundamental Constants, & Other Applications Group 4: Sensors & Transducers A. Resonant Chemical Sensors B. Resonant Physical Sensors C. Vibratory and Atomic Gyroscopes & Magnetometers D. BAW, SAW, FBAR, and MEMS Sensors E. Transducers F. Sensor Instrumentation Group 5: Timekeeping, Time and Frequency Transfer, GNSS Applications A. TAI and Time Scales, Time and Frequency Transfer, and Algorithms B. Satellite Navigation (Galileo, GPS,...) C.Telecommunications Network Synchronization, RF Fiber Frequency Distribution D. All - optical fiber frequency transfer E. Optical free - space frequency transfer F. Frequency and Time Distribution and Calibration Services Group 6: Optical Frequency Standards and Applications A. Optical Ion and Neutral Atom Clocks B. Optical Frequency Combs and Frequency Measurements C. Ultrastable Laser Sources and Optical Frequency Distribution D. Ultrastable Optical to Microwave Conversion E. Fundamental Physics, Fundamental Constants, and Other Applications

Painstaking measurements of the cosmic microwave background — the omnipresent radiation that is the afterglow of the Big Bang — tells us that a sixth of all matter in our galaxy is ordinary, while the rest is dark matter.

In this lecture, George Efstathiou will describe how recent measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation made with the Planck Satellite can be used to answer these questions and to elucidate what happened within 10 - 35 seconds of the creation of our Universe.

In addition to the microwave measurement, this device enables transforming quantum information from one frequency to another while simultaneously amplifying it.

``... The MSUs are cross-track scanners with measurements of microwave radiance in four channels ranging from 50.3 to 57.95 GHz on the lower shoulder of the Oxygen absorption band.

(1) In addition to the data of the near - surface temperatures, which are composed of measurements from weather stations and sea surface temperatures, there is also the microwave data from satellites, which can be used to estimate air temperatures in the troposphere in a few kilometers altitudIn addition to the data of the near - surface temperatures, which are composed of measurements from weather stations and sea surface temperatures, there is also the microwave data from satellites, which can be used to estimate air temperatures in the troposphere in a few kilometers altitudin the troposphere in a few kilometers altitudin a few kilometers altitude.

While there remain disparities among different tropospheric temperature trends estimated from satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU and advanced MSU) measurements since 1979, and all likely still contain residual errors, estimates have been substantially improved (and data set differences reduced) through adjustments for issues of changing satellites, orbit decay and drift in local crossing time (i.e., diurnal cycle effects).

All these sensors make measurements at critical frequencies at and above 85 gigahertz (GHz); sensors measure microwave emissions at 183 GHz, the signature frequency band emitted by water vapor, making it feasible to detect frozen hydrometeors (snow, ice, and the like) in the atmosphere.

Motivated primarily by Mitchum's conclusion, Keihm et al., 2000 (Abstract; Google Scholar access) actively tried to come up with something that could cause a «drift» in the satellites, and eventually decided that a temporary problem in the «TOPEX Microwave Radiometer path delay measurements», which stopped in December 1996 could do that.

This new product, however, exploits direct broadcast (DB) capability from several satellites in low Earth orbit that make microwave measurements over the continental United States and Alaska.

• the factors that contribute to uncertainties in the trends inferred from three categories of instrumental measurements — Microwave Sounding Units (MSU) carried aboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, radiosondes, and surface observations;

Microwave radiometers are a passive measurement technique; that is, they monitor Earth's own heat energy emissions in the 1 - to 200 - gigahertz frequency range.

Temperatures aloft can be measured in a number of ways, two of which are useful for climate monitoring: by radiosondes (balloon - borne instrument packages, including thermometers, released daily or twice daily at a network of observing stations throughout the world), and by satellite measurements of microwave radiation emitted by oxygen gas in the lower to mid-troposphere, taken with an instrument known as the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU).5 The balloon measurements are taken at the same Greenwich mean times each day, whereas the times of day of the satellite measurements for a given location drift slowly with changes in the satellitmicrowave radiation emitted by oxygen gas in the lower to mid-troposphere, taken with an instrument known as the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU).5 The balloon measurements are taken at the same Greenwich mean times each day, whereas the times of day of the satellite measurements for a given location drift slowly with changes in the satellitMicrowave Sounding Unit (MSU).5 The balloon measurements are taken at the same Greenwich mean times each day, whereas the times of day of the satellite measurements for a given location drift slowly with changes in the satellite orbits.

Plus, they are inherently a much less direct measurement of temperature: they actually measure microwave brightness, which must be mathematically processed to arrive at temperatures at various altitudes in the atmosphere.

Except when satellites are inferring temperature from microwave sounding units, in which case the fixed locations on the surface taking direct measurements with thermometers have had their real data manipulated to achieve a desired result.

For practical purposes, SSTsubskin can be well approximated to the measurement of surface temperature by a microwave radiometer operating in the 6 - 11 GHz frequency range, but the relationship is neither direct nor invariant to changing physical conditions or to the specific geometry of the microwave measurements.

In the original configuration of NPOESS, the ocean surface vector wind data record established by QuikSCAT was to be replaced by passive microwave measurements of wind speed and direction by the polarimetric CMIS radiometer.

Lin, B., B. Wielicki, P. Minnis, and W. Rossow, 1998: Estimation of water cloud properties from satellite microwave, infrared and visible measurements in oceanic environments: 1.

From the beginning, there were serious concerns within the scientific community (both research and operational) about the viability of passive microwave measurements of ocean surface vector winds, especially in storms and in other areas of rain and large amounts of cloud liquid water.

QuikSCAT measurements are also limited to a spatial resolution of 12.5 km and are not routinely made closer than about 30 km from land.26 Many in the microwave breakout group argued that high priority should be given to a sustained, more capable, next - generation scatterometer program that can meet these requirements while at the same time continuing the ocean surface vector winds CDR established by QuikSCAT.

Some participants expressed concern that a capability for passive microwave precipitation measurements may not emerge in the revised MIS sensor, and they suggested that NPOESS place emphasis on the water cycle (water vapor, liquid water, ice water, and precipitation) when considering MIS requirements, possibly including giant magneto - impedance (GMI) bands.

Prigent, C., F. Aires, W.B. Rossow, and A. Robock, 2005: Sensitivity of satellite microwave and infrared observations to soil moisture at a global scale: Relationship of satellite observations to in situ soil moisture measurements.

This study uses satellite radiation budget measurements along with satellite microwave sea ice data to document the Arctic - wide decrease in planetary albedo and its amplifying effect on the warming.

With respect to ongoing research, I wonder if a series of high - resolution measurements in the 53 - 57 GHz band from an airborne microwave spectrometer (vertical looking up, vertical looking down and horizontal) under measured conditions of temperature, pressure and humidity might allow improved deconvolution of the satellite data.

«Satellites are not a thermometer in space, they're not making direct measurements of atmospheric temperature, they're measuring the microwave emissions from oxygen molecules,» Santer said.