The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) is one a several groups monitoring sea - ice levels, using
microwave sensors on polar satellites.
The ice coverage has been documented since 1973 by means of passive
microwave sensors on polar orbiting satellite.
The microwave sensors on the satellites do not directly measure temperature, but rather radiation given off by oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.
In storms, ice and liquid water not only are key ingredients for separating the positive and negative electrical charges that initiate a lightning strike; they also are the main features detected by
microwave sensors on satellites.
Unprecedented views of surface wind and wave fields in storms are now provided by
microwave sensors on - board polar orbiting satellites.
Not exact matches
Silicon photonics are forming the backbone of next - generation
on - chip technologies and optical telecommunication, which are aimed at a wide range of emerging applications including optical interconnects,
microwave photonic circuits, and integrated optical
sensors.
This image shows the minimum extent for 2009 as observed by the Advanced
Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR - E), a Japanese
sensor flying
on NASA's Aqua satellite.
These maps rely
on mathematical models that process raw data
on the amounts of
microwave radiation that reach a variety of satellite
sensors from cloud ice content and the land and ocean surfaces below.
The Special
Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F - 17 satellite that provides passive microwave brightness temperatures (and derived Arctic and Antarctic sea ice products) has been providing spurious data since beginning of Apr
Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS)
on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F - 17 satellite that provides passive
microwave brightness temperatures (and derived Arctic and Antarctic sea ice products) has been providing spurious data since beginning of Apr
microwave brightness temperatures (and derived Arctic and Antarctic sea ice products) has been providing spurious data since beginning of April, 2016.
Improve sea ice classification based
on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), scatterometers and passive
microwave (PMW)
sensors.
Since 1979, scientists have relied
on a variety of satellite
sensors, including the Scanning Multichannel
Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), the Special
Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM / I), the Advanced
Microwave Scanning Radiometer — Earth Observing System (AMSR - E), and (most recently) the Special
Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder (SSMIS).
The MASIE product often catches ice that the
microwave data alone miss, especially in summer, when melt ponds
on the surface of the ice appear as ocean to the
sensor.
This figure is an overlay of a lightning stroke map from WWLLN (black circles) and 91 - gigahertz brightness temperatures provided by the Special
Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder (SSMIS) radiometer
on the low - orbit satellite DMSP F - 18.
Based
on observations by the Special
Sensor Microwave / Imagers from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites.
The 2012 map was compiled from observations by the Advanced
Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR - 2)
sensor on the Global Change Observation Mission 1st — Water («Shizuku») satellite, which is operated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen, using data from the Advanced
Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 AMSR - 2
sensor on the Global Change Observation Mission 1st - Water (GCOM - W1) satellite.
Our estimate is based
on a statistical way using data from satellite
microwave sensor.
Sea ice concentration, which is independently measured and well observed by passive
microwave satellite
sensors, gives additional important information
on changes in the Antarctic environment.
To monitor Arctic sea ice, NSIDC primarily has used the NASA Advanced
Microwave Scanning Radiometer — Earth Observing System (AMSR - E) instrument
on the NASA Aqua satellite and the Special
Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM / I) instrument
on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite.
The Special
Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F - 17 satellite that provides passive microwave brightness temperatures (and derived Arctic and Antarctic sea ice products) has been providing spurious data since the beginning of Apr
Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS)
on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F - 17 satellite that provides passive
microwave brightness temperatures (and derived Arctic and Antarctic sea ice products) has been providing spurious data since the beginning of Apr
microwave brightness temperatures (and derived Arctic and Antarctic sea ice products) has been providing spurious data since the beginning of April, 2016.
The Sea Ice Index relies
on NASA - developed methods to estimate sea ice conditions using passive -
microwave data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) the Special Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder
microwave data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) the Special
Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder
Microwave Imager / Sounder (SSMIS).
Some participants expressed concern that a capability for passive
microwave precipitation measurements may not emerge in the revised MIS
sensor, and they suggested that NPOESS place emphasis
on the water cycle (water vapor, liquid water, ice water, and precipitation) when considering MIS requirements, possibly including giant magneto - impedance (GMI) bands.
Another research group from Remote Sensing Systems maintains a similar record based
on microwave sounders
on satellites, although there are a few differences in the way the Remote Sensing Systems and University of Alabama teams handle gaps in the record and correct for differences between
sensors.
Anyway, as I haven't been motivated to attack the snow which has buried my D / W and am thus marooned, I looked around for information
on Dickie radiometers, the sort of electronic device used in passive
microwave sensors.
A separate higher frequency
microwave sensor will provide data
on rainfall, wind, and sea ice.