Sentences with phrase «million square kilometers»

Our 2014 September sea ice extent forecast is 4.39 ± 0.50 million square kilometers.

This is followed by several years of variability around the 4 million square kilometers level, until another dramatic reduction event takes place.

The August 1 prediction shows more ice (5.1 ± 0.4 million square kilometers) than the July 1 prediction (4.8 ± 0.4), in both the Pacific and Atlantic sectors.

This value compares to the previous low value in 2007 at 4.3 million square kilometers and 4.6 million square kilometers in 2011.

None suggested a return to mean 1979 — 2000 September values of 7.0 million square kilometers.

GFDL NOAA (Msadek et al.), 4.82 (4.33 - 5.23), Modeling Our prediction for the September - averaged Arctic sea ice extent is 4.82 million square kilometers, with an uncertainty range going between 4.33 and 5.23 million km2 Our estimate is based on the GFDL CM2.1 ensemble forecast system in which both the ocean and atmosphere are initialized on August 1 using a coupled data assimilation system.

The median value for August is increased from the June and July values of 4.7 and 4.8 million square kilometers, respectively.

Kaleschke and Halfmann: Our first guess was 4.92 + / -0.43 million square kilometers and was not updated through the season.

Combined the multiple regression method and optimal climate normal method, we derived the sea ice extent of September this year is 5.37 million square kilometers.

Not surprisingly, Arctic sea ice was at a record low extent in January 2016 as well, more than 1 million square kilometers lower than the 1981 — 2010 average.

Our model predicts that September 2014 Arctic sea ice extent will be 1.45 million square kilometers below the 1981 to 2010 observed average extent, but will not reach values as low as those observed in 2007 or 2012.

The May Outlook responses had a median value of 4.2 million square kilometers, with a median of 4.9 million square kilometers for the July Outlook (Fig. 5); these compare to a 2008 September observed value of 4.7 million square kilometers.

Contributor Outlook values for the June and July reports were all higher than the observed September extent of 3.6 million square kilometers.

The gap between the 1981 to 2010 average and the 2016 combined ice extent for December now stands at about 3.0 million square kilometers (1.16 million square miles), down from a peak difference of just over 4 million square kilometers (1.50 million square miles) in mid-November.

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory [GFDL] NOAA (Msadek et al), 5.07 (4.69 - 5.63), Modeling Our prediction for the September - averaged Arctic sea ice extent is 5.07 million square kilometers, with an uncertainty range going between 4.69 and 5.63 million square kilometers.

Brazil's setting aside of more than 500,000 square miles (1.25 million square kilometers) of rainforest in protected areas over the past decade may effectively buffer the Amazon from the effects of climate change, preventing Earth's largest rainforest from tipping towards arid savanna in the face of ongoing deforestation and rising temperatures, argues a new paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

«The perennial (September) Arctic sea ice cover exhibits large interannual variability, with changes of over a million square kilometers from one year to the next.

As of 13 August, «Sea ice extent is currently tracking at 5.4 million square kilometers (2.1 million square miles), with daily extents running at 940,000 square kilometers (361,000 square miles) below previous daily record lows, a significant decline from past years.»

Antarctic ice extent has reached approximately 20 million square kilometers, it's already broken the all - time record ice extent set in September of 2012.

The range of respondents» estimates from 3.1 to 5.5 million square kilometers for September 2008 primarily reflects the relative importance that was given to these two factors.

The average arctic sea ice monthly extent for September 2012 was the lowest observed in the satellite era at 3.6 million square kilometers, based on National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) estimates — 50 % lower than the 1979 - 2000 average of 7.0 million square kilometers.

The median projected September ice extent from the July Outlook monthly report was 4.9 million square kilometers; the observed value was 4.7 million square kilometers.

Our third prediction in July (4.46 million square kilometers) when the summer melt had started was about the same as last year and quite close to the actual 2008 extent (4.52 million square kilometers).

The projections of the Sea Ice Outlook groups for the September 2009 mean minimum ice extent had a median value of 4.7 million square kilometers based on May data and 4.6 million square kilometers based on June data with a range of 4.2 - 5.2 million square kilometers (Figure 1).

The range of responses (2.9 to 5.6 million square kilometers) illustrates several of the challenges faced by any forecast of arctic summer ice evolution.

The following section lists the contributors, their September 2008 outlook based on June data (in million square kilometers), extracts key statements that comment on methods and rationale, and provides a link to their full report.

Both these Outlook projections are substantially lower and nearer to the observed September 2008 monthly average value than to the 1979 — 2000 mean value (7.1 million square kilometers) or to the linear trend line of previous September minima (5.6 million square kilometers).

Stern: My estimate for September average sea ice extent (4.67 million square kilometers) was simply based on extrapolation of the 10 - year trend (1989 - 2008).

With observations from early summer, the projected median ice extent value increased to 4.9 million square kilometers for the July Outlook.

The following section lists the contributors, their September 2008 outlook (in million square kilometers), and extracts key statements that comment on methods and data sources.

The projections of the Sea Ice Outlook groups for the September 2008 mean minimum ice extent, based on May data, had a median value of 4.2 million square kilometers.

Sea ice extent for September 2007 was 4.3 million square kilometers — a reduction of more than 40 % from the 1980s and a rapid decline to more than 20 % below the previous record minimum.

The median August Outlook for September 2015 Arctic sea ice extent is 4.8 million square kilometers km2 (Figure 1).

One group (Drobot, et al.) increased their estimate from 3.8 to 4.4 million square kilometers based on June initial conditions.

The sea ice monthly extent for September 2012 was 3.6 million square kilometers, based on National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) estimates, a full 1.0 million square kilometers below the 2011 value (Figure 1).

However, of the 19 participants in the SIO June report, for example, 10 projected a September ice extent of 4.4 million square kilometers or less; thus, the majority of the participating groups were low relative to past years and thus were strongly in the right direction.

Using this approach the mean (50th percentile) of the forecast distribution suggests a value for sea ice extent of 4.67 Million square Kilometers, with a 5 - 95th percentile range (3.64, 5.76) and «likely range» (33 - 66 %) of (4.38, 4.97).

Even the highest forecast for September 2008 is 1.5 million square kilometers less than the long - term September mean during the 1980s, and the range of individual forecasts is similar to natural variability.

Average September sea ice extent from 1979 to 2000 was 7.04 million square kilometers (2.70 million square miles).

By October 31, Arctic sea ice extent stood at 7.07 million square kilometers (2.73 million square miles), the lowest extent in the satellite record for that date.

Antarctic sea ice extent for October 2016 was 17.6 million square kilometers (6.8 million square miles).

According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), the arctic sea ice extent for July 2012 was the second lowest in the satellite record behind 2011; the ice extent recorded for August 1st of 6.5 million square kilometers is the lowest in the satellite record.

In October 2016, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.40 million square kilometers (2.5 million square miles), the lowest October in the satellite record.

Using all years (1979 - 2011) yields a slightly higher estimate of 4.66 million square kilometers, but a similar range of 337,000 square kilometers.

Annual snow cover extent (SCE) over Northern Hemisphere lands averaged 25.8 million square kilometers in 2017.

A person could easily become alarmed to find a million square kilometers less sea ice than on the same day of a previous year where there might have been a million square kilometers more.

The range of June Outlook estimates is 4.2 to 5.7 million square kilometers, with an additional estimate of 1.0 million square kilometers (Figure 1, below).

It is important to note for context that all 2011 estimates are well below the 1979 — 2007 September climatological mean of 6.7 million square kilometers.

Nine respondents (excluding the 1.0 million square kilometers prediction) estimate a September minimum below 5 million square kilometers, ranging from 4.0 to 4.9 million square kilometers, while six respondents suggest a minimum between 5.2 and 5.7 million square kilometers.

The distribution of the June Outlooks is skewed toward lower values, with a range of 4.0 to 5.6 million square kilometers, suggesting either persistent conditions or a substantial drop below 2008 and 2010 values and the long - term downward trend.