Sentences with phrase «minimum ice concentration»

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It has long been suspected that the low solar activity during the Maunder Minimum was one of the causes of the Little Ice Age, although other factors like a small drop in greenhouse gas concentrations around 1600 and strong volcanic eruptions during that time likely played a role as well.

The average historic summer minimum (the yellow line in Fig. 1) indicates large portions of the Chukchi Sea's foraging habitat have been covered with summer ice concentrations of 50 % and greater for much of the 20th century.

These NASA provided images show the minimum arctic sea ice concentration in 1979, at left, and in 2003.

We relate this sea ice minimum to the strong inflow of warm Atlantic Water as indicated by the contemporaneous prominent maxima in open - water phytoplankton biomarker concentrations (i.e., brassicasterol and HBI - III), total numbers of dinoflagellate cysts and — especially — the dinoflagellate species O. centrocarpum (Fig. 7d) as well as a prominent maximum in Atlantic - Water species of benthic foraminifers44.

a Average sea ice concentration 1988 — 2007 for March (winter maximum) and September (summer minimum)(Source: http://nsidc.org/).

During the MIS 5 interstadials, a seasonal sea ice cover and ice - edge conditions seem to have been most prominent, with minimum sea ice concentrations towards almost ice - free summers during MIS 5e (Eemian)(Fig. 3b).

For the LIG - 120 interval, we record an apparent mismatch between the LIG - 120 simulation (suggesting sea ice conditions similar to those of the PI conditions)(Figs. 4 and 8) and the proxy - based sea ice record (suggesting minimum sea ice concentrations similar to the early - mid-LIG (Fig. 7a).

This interpretation is further supported by the minimum of the total number of dinoflagellate cysts and peak concentrations of the dinoflagellate species Impagidinium pallidum (Fig. 7d), indicative of cold polar conditions and an extensive seasonal sea ice cover42.

At the Barents Sea continental margin (i.e., at site PS2138 - 2) strongly influenced by Atlantic Water inflow, minimum summer sea ice concentrations of about 25 % were simulated for the 125 ka time slice (Fig. 8d).

In examining ice area — the extent weighted by concentration — the seasonal minimum in 2008 was nearly identical to that of 2007.

Usually, scientists define a threshold of minimum concentration to mark the ice edge; the most common cutoff is at 15 percent.

Then we use available long - term proxies of the solar activity, which are 10Be isotope concentrations in ice cores and 22 - year smoothed neutron monitor data, to interpolate between the present quiet Sun and the minimum state of the quiet Sun.

The models heavily relied upon by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had not projected this multidecadal stasis in «global warming»; nor (until trained ex post facto) the fall in TS from 1940 - 1975; nor 50 years» cooling in Antarctica (Doran et al., 2002) and the Arctic (Soon, 2005); nor the absence of ocean warming since 2003 (Lyman et al., 2006; Gouretski & Koltermann, 2007); nor the onset, duration, or intensity of the Madden - Julian intraseasonal oscillation, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the tropical stratosphere, El Nino / La Nina oscillations, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, or the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that has recently transited from its warming to its cooling phase (oceanic oscillations which, on their own, may account for all of the observed warmings and coolings over the past half - century: Tsoniset al., 2007); nor the magnitude nor duration of multi-century events such as the Mediaeval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age; nor the cessation since 2000 of the previously - observed growth in atmospheric methane concentration (IPCC, 2007); nor the active 2004 hurricane season; nor the inactive subsequent seasons; nor the UK flooding of 2007 (the Met Office had forecast a summer of prolonged droughts only six weeks previously); nor the solar Grand Maximum of the past 70 years, during which the Sun was more active, for longer, than at almost any similar period in the past 11,400 years (Hathaway, 2004; Solankiet al., 2005); nor the consequent surface «global warming» on Mars, Jupiter, Neptune's largest moon, and even distant Pluto; nor the eerily - continuing 2006 solar minimum; nor the consequent, precipitate decline of ~ 0.8 °C in TS from January 2007 to May 2008 that has canceled out almost all of the observed warming of the 20th century.