Sentences with phrase «model levels between»

Not exact matches

It is difficult to model the many ways credit intensivity of growth can change, but if we simply assume that there is no improvement except as growth slows, so that the ratio between credit growth and GDP growth stays constant, the table below shows debt levels at the end of ten years at different GDP growth rates:

First, the collaboration between universities and church educational centers has been increasing, and some institutions closely involved with churches have become universities or parts of universities, giving rise to a new set of university - level departments (which have generally opted for the «theology and religious studies» model).

The lower levels of baseline sugar sweetened drink consumption in the UK compared with the US may in part explain why the effect on obesity that we estimate in the UK is much less than that estimated in the US.12 The differences with respect to other modelling studies may also be partly explained by their use of higher own price elasticity values for sugar sweetened drinks than we have calculated and used here.18 22 52 We can not make direct comparisons between the results of our study and the results of recent studies of the effect of reducing sugar sweetened drink consumption on body weight in children, 5 7 as the relation between energy balance and change in body mass index in children who are growing is different from that in adults.

To assess the robustness of the results of our regression analysis, we performed covariate adjustment with derived propensity scores to calculate the absolute risk difference (details are provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org).14, 15 To calculate the adjusted absolute risk difference, we used predictive margins and G - computation (i.e., regression - model — based outcome prediction in both exposure settings: planned in - hospital and planned out - of - hospital birth).16, 17 Finally, we conducted post hoc analyses to assess associations between planned out - of - hospital birth and outcomes (cesarean delivery and a composite of perinatal morbidity and mortality), which were stratified according to parity, maternal age, maternal education, and risk level.

In animal models, exposure to cigarette smoke or nicotine during fetal development alters the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in areas of the brainstem important for autonomic function, 28 alters the neuronal excitability of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (a brainstem region important for sensory integration), 29 and alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors.30 In human infants, there are strong associations between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and serotonin receptors in the brainstem during development.31 Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke attenuates recovery from hypoxia in preterm infants, 32 decreases heart rate variability in preterm33 and term34 infants, and abolishes the normal relationship between heart rate and gestational age at birth.33 Moreover, infants of smoking mothers exhibit impaired arousal patterns to trigeminal stimulation in proportion to urinary cotinine levels.35 It is important to note also that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke alters the normal programming of cardiovascular reflexes such that there is a greater - than - expected increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to breathing 4 % carbon dioxide or a 60 ° head - up tilt.36 These changes in autonomic function, arousal, and cardiovascular reflexes might all increase an infant's vulnerability to SIDS.

This of course is a very rough model and it can not take appropriate account of the fact that changing support levels between elections tend to vary geographically 9as occurred in the 2015 contest).

This of course is a very rough model and it can not take appropriate account of the fact that changing support levels between elections tend to vary geographically, while it also fails to take account of the local particularities of the different regions in cases where no regional figures are produced in association with different national opinion polls meaning that there is no scope to carry out separate regional analyses based on these poll figures.

To better understand the effects of overwash, USGS used dynamic modeling that takes into account storm winds and wave activity coupled with sea - level rise of between 0.5 and 2 meters (1.6 and 6.5 feet).

To better understand their effects at the population level, Rahul Subramanian of The University of Chicago and colleagues mathematically modeled the interactions between vaccination, flu transmission, and flu virus evolution.

However, Stephen Kelly, the University of Southampton PhD student who ran the model simulations, said «There was a high level of variation between different scenarios, depending on a number of factors.

Researchers develop a new model to describe the correlation between wetland water levels and temperature, and methane production

For every hurricane in the North Atlantic Basin between 1997 and 2013, they pulled information such as mean sea - level pressure and temperature as well as vertical temperature and humidity profiles, and entered it into a thermodynamic hurricane model that treats each storm as a gigantic heat engine.

Using rodent models of opiate addiction, Dr. Laviolette's research has shown that opiates affect pathways of associative memory formation in multiple ways, both at the level of anatomy (connections between neurons) and at the molecular levels (how molecules inside the brain affect these connections).

The model determines the level of closeness between two agents by making them play prisoner's dilemma each time they meet up — a game in which acting selfishly scores you the most points in the short term but prevents long - term cooperation and mutual benefit.

The research approach is called multi-scale modeling or MSM, to reflect the ability to study disease processes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels as well as interactions occurring between the levels.

The study finds that across Europe children do not receive an equal level of protection from the adverse effects of online marketing, given that marketing to children is regulated in a slightly different manner between countries and because parents apply different models of oversight of their children's online activities.

Macaques can't be infected with Plasmodium falciparum, but when the researchers repeated the experiment in mice, using a mouse model of malaria, they found they could reach levels of protection between 71 % and 100 % using intravenous administration.

Using data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Multiple - Cause of Death Files (2006 - 2015), US Census Bureau, US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development, the study modeled associations between county - level drug - related mortality rates and economic, social, and healthcare environments.

The current study found that mice meant to serve as a model of ischemic human heart failure (weaker blood flow after a heart attack) had higher levels of activated, pro-inflammatory macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and T cells trafficking between their hearts and spleens than did control mice with healthy hearts.

The team combined a computer model with 100 years of observations to tease out the fact that global sea - level rise is increasing the tidal range, or the distance between the high and low tides, in many areas throughout each bay.

When you're talking about global warming and melting ice caps, as everyone seems to be, a five - millimeter adjustment in the modeled diameter of the Earth could be the difference between sea levels appearing to rise from any given year to the next and then appearing to drop.

The chip, which lives in the HTC One V, HTC One S, and the global version and both US versions of the HTC One X, is significant in providing a unified level of photo performance between the three models, whose other features differ quite a bit.

The idea is the relationship between stress and performance follows a Goldilocks model: Both people and animals function best when the level of stress is not too much, nor too little, but just right.

The c - statistic is a measure of model discrimination where a value of 1 indicates that the model is perfect in discrimination between cases that experienced and did not experience the adverse event, and a value of 0.5 indicates that discrimination is at the level of chance.

The scientists then used statistical models to evaluate the distribution of cancer - linked DNA in the patients» blood samples over the seven - year study to find the largest degree of differences between patients with low and high levels of evidence of hypermethylation in their DNA.

To test for a relationship between fMRI response similarity and social distance, a dyad - level regression model was used.

Identifying adaptive and plastic gene expression levels using a unified model for expression variance between and within species Rohlfs, R. and R. Nielsen.

This research, performed under controlled conditions in a simple model, will support a systems - level understanding of universal relationships between genotype, environment, and phenotype.

Identifying adaptive and plastic gene expression levels using a unified model for expression variance between and within species.

The paper highlights the «loud divergence between sea level reality» and «the climate models [that] predict an accelerated sea - level rise driven by the anthropogenic CO2 emission.»

does fit the temperature trend to an acceptable level, if one should reduce the sensitivity for CO2 / aerosols far enough... Current models also can reproduce other transitions (LGM - Holocene) with a reasonable accuracy, but this is mainly in periods where there is a huge overlap between temperature (as initiator) and CO2 / CH4 levels (as feedback).

Third, using a «semi-empirical» statistical model calibrated to the relationship between temperature and global sea - level change over the last 2000 years, we find that, in alternative histories in which the 20th century did not exceed the average temperature over 500-1800 CE, global sea - level rise in the 20th century would (with > 95 % probability) have been less than 51 % of its observed value.

Longitudinal mixed models were also used to estimate the effect of vaccine dose on mean log - transformed antibody levels over time, using a spatial exponential covariance structure to model the correlation between measurements from the same individual while taking into account the number of study days between measurements.

«We found several distinctions between sensitive and resistant models detected at the single - cell level, which testified to single - cell sequencing potential usefulness for understanding how these cancers may develop resistance.»

First, previous estimates of gene flow between rabbit subspecies using an Isolation - with - Migration model [36], [37] and a similar sampling scheme to the one used here suggest moderate to high levels of gene exchange (2Nm ≈ 1.2 for the autosomes averaged in both directions)[26].

Methods: To study the complex interactions that occur at the molecular level, the researchers modeled the interactions between 550 water molecules and 2 different types of negatively charged ions.

Using a statistical model calibrated to the relationship between global mean temperature and rates of GSL change over this time period, we are assessing the human role in historic sea - level rise and identifying human «fingerprints» on coastal flood events.

A DFT model describes the underlying interactions between water at the molecular level, incorporating the interactions between the nuclei and the electrons of the system.

«Simple physics (effect of [sea - level rise] on storm surge) and simple thermodynamics (i.e. Clausius - Clapeyron) are valid whether or not we can trust the models to get the specifics dynamical linkages between climate change and extreme weather events right (and I'm deeply skeptical the models are up to this task at present).»

We examined the task - modulated functional connectivity between each seed region and the remaining clusters across the four conditions by comparing the gPPI regressors of each subject in a 2 × 2 flexible factorial model at the group - level.

Atomistic and coarse - grained models — ranging from classical molecular dynamics to quantum mechanics and the hierarchy of models in between — have provided unprecedented levels of insight into a wide range of chemical, biological, and soft matter and solid - state phenomena.

The relationship between an athlete personal best in competition and back squat, bench press and power clean 1RM was determined via general linear model polynomial contrast analysis and regression for a group of 53 collegiate elite level throwers (24 males and 29 females); data analysis showed significant linear and quadratic trends for distance and 1RM power clean for both male (linear: p ≤ 0.001, quadratic: p ≤ 0.003) and female (linear: p ≤ 0.001, quadratic: p = 0.001) suggesting how the use of Olympic - style weightlifting movements — the clean, in this particular case, but more in general explosive, fast, athletic - like movements — can be a much better alternative for sport - specific testing for shot putters (Judge, et al, 2013).

If we equate de facto ketogenic diets with high - protein diets (which is not always correct) then the risks proposed by critics of this type of dietary approach are essentially those of possible kidney damage due to high levels of nitrogen excretion during protein metabolism, which can cause an increase in glomerular pressure and hyperfiltration.12 There is not wide agreement between studies; however, some infer the possibility of renal damage from animal studies, 99, 100 whereas others, looking at both animal models, meta - analyses and human studies, propose that even high levels of protein in the diet do not damage renal function.101, 102 In subjects with intact renal function, higher dietary protein levels caused some functional and morphological adaptations without negative effects.103 There may actually be renal - related effects, but on blood pressure rather than morphological damage.

Separate logistic models were used to calculate P values for the interaction between levels of each sociodemographic variable and seriousness of psychological distress to assess whether these AORs differed across strata.

Between levels, you'll encounter puzzles that will block progress to the next, or a mini-puzzle that will offer up collectibles in the form of weaponry, a soundtrack file, 3D models and more.

The ARCS model presents a direct link between satisfaction and level of motivation, either intrinsic or extrinsic.

Applying this model of behavior to minority and white students yields two important predictions: A positive relationship between academic achievement and peer - group acceptance (popularity) will erode and turn negative, whenever the group as a whole has lower levels of achievement.

More specifically, the researchers 1) examine possible differences by classroom, school, and literacy models; 2) explore the relationship between observable features of the classroom literacy environment and children's literacy growth during the first grade year; 3) characterize the variability in the levels of teacher understanding of the chosen literacy model and of early literacy development; and 4) assess whether there are qualitative differences in children's oral discourse skills and writing skills with the school's chosen model of literacy instruction.

While this is the true essence of «education» often emphasized by educationists, in the present dominance of neo liberal model of development there is a growing realization at all levels that the existing models have failed and that there is a total dearth of relevance between the human being and the complex contemporary society.

In our recent article for Education Next, «Choosing the Right Growth Measure,» we laid out an argument for why we believe a proportional growth measure that levels the playing field between advantaged and disadvantaged schools (represented in the article by a two - step value - added model) is the best choice for use in state and district accountability systems.