Sentences with phrase «model simulations indicate»

Climate model simulations indicate that changes in solar radiation a few times larger than those confirmed in the eleven - year cycle, and persisting over multi-decadal time scales, would directly affect the surface temperature.

Model simulations indicate that the snow - ice interface temperature or alternatively the 6 GHz brightness temperature is a closer proxy for the 50 GHz effective temperature than the snow surface or air temperature

Numerous recent studies based on both observations and model simulations indicate that reduced Barents - Kara sea ice in late fall favors a strengthened and northwestward expansion of the Siberian high, increased poleward heat flux, weakened polar vortex, and ultimately a negative AO.

Data correlation and model simulations indicate that solar variability and volcanic activity are likely to be leading reasons for climate variations during the past millennium, before the start of the industrial era.

Model simulations indicate that polar surface waters will become undersaturated for aragonite in the near future for the Arctic (atmospheric carbon dioxide of 400 - 450 ppm) and by mid-century for the southern ocean off the Antarctic (atmospheric carbon dioxide of 550 - 600 ppm).

SAT observations and model simulations indicate that the nature of the arctic warming in the last two decades is distinct from the early twentieth - century warm period.

Existing Earth System Model simulations indicate that the ability of tropical land ecosystems to store carbon will decline over the 21st century.

Analysis by Collins of climate model simulations indicated that increased CO2 may result in ENSO events becoming larger in amplitude and more frequent than under present conditions.

This is corroborated by model simulations indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels must fall below 280 ppmv to promote widespread continental glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere (DeConto et al., 2008) and 250 ppmv to promote major continental glaciation on Greenland (Lunt et al., 2008), both of which are well below recent estimates of Pliocene atmospheric CO2 estimates of ∼ 390 ppmv (Pagani et al., 2010).

Not exact matches

«Model simulations from previous studies by other groups indicate that, by 2025, the frequency of these events could be as high as 1 every 2 years,» he says.

Prior to the simulation exercise, 73 percent of the 3 - D group and 76 percent of the commercial - model group indicated that they did not feel confident in performing the procedure.

The black line indicates observed temperature change, while the coloured bands show the combined range covered by 90 % of recent model simulations.

In 2010, model simulations of rocky super-Earths between two and 10 Earth - masses indicated that high pressures could keep their cores solid instead of molten, which would prevent a protective magnetic field from forming protecting developing surface life from stellar radiation.

Observational evidence indicates that the frequency of the heaviest rainfall events has likely increased within many land regions in general agreement with model simulations that indicate that rainfall in the heaviest events is likely to increase in line with atmospheric water vapour concentration.

The model simulation quite clearly indicates that any natural «AMO» surface warming of the tropical Atlantic should be in phase with a strengthening, not a weakening, of the THC.

Interestingly, the long - term variations indicated by the model simulations compared remarkably well with those documented by the tree - ring reconstruction, showing no obvious sign of the potential biases in the estimated low - frequency temperature variations that have been the focus of much previous work (see e.g. this previous RealClimate review).

Model simulations of the thermohaline circulation indicate that for small perturbations, recovery can occur in a few decades.

Dr. Judith Curry notes «The most recent climate model simulations used in the AR5 indicate that the warming stagnation since 1998 is no longer consistent with model projections even at the 2 % confidence level» This means the hypothesis upon which these models have been built is wrong and should be abandoned.

The data which are indicated as having low reliability actually agree rather too well with the model simulations, whereas the reconstruction can not closely match the data which are considered precise.»

# 5: Global climate model simulations that include greenhouse gases indicate that the magnitude of warming that would be expected from greenhouse gas increases is at least as large as the observed warming.

The AMO during the Little Ice Age was characterized by a quasi-periodicity of about 20 years, while the during the Medieval Warm Period the AMO oscillated with a period of about 45 to 65 years... The observed intermittency of these modes over the last 4000 years supports the view that these are internal ocean - atmosphere modes, with little or no external forcing... However, the geographic variability of these periodicities indicated by ice core data is not captured in model simulations.»

«In 1994, Nature magazine published a study of mine in which we estimated the underlying rate at which the world was warming by removing the impacts of volcanoes and El Niños (Christy and McNider 1994)... The result of that study indicated the underlying trend for 1979 - 1993 was +0.09 °C / decade which at the time was one third the rate of warming that should have been occurring according to estimates by climate model simulations.»

Whereas most proxy - based reconstructions point to an early - middle LIG climatic optimum with reduced summer sea ice concentrations between 126 and 116 ka, the results of our model simulations only support a pronounced reduction in summer sea ice concentration for the LIG - 125 and LIG - 130 runs (in both time slice as well as transient runs; Figs. 8 and 9), but also indicate that sea ice was still present in the central Arctic Ocean even under climatic conditions significantly warmer than today (Fig. 4).

However, the geographic variability of these periodicities indicated by ice core data is not captured in model simulations.»

Full chemistry - climate model simulations (Lamarque et al. 2011) indicate that climate change is an important additional component in the evolution of stratospheric ozone.

Analyses of tide gauge and altimetry data by Vinogradov and Ponte (2011), which indicated the presence of considerably small spatial scale variability in annual mean sea level over many coastal regions, are an important factor for understanding the uncertainties in regional sea - level simulations and projections at sub-decadal time scales in coarse - resolution climate models that are also discussed in Chapter 13.

Since the projections are based on the models simulations that indicate approximately 0.2 C per decade, the error in the models in the Antarctic and tropics appear to be higher than observation, and the trend in the tropics since 1994 is only 0.04 C per decade, it appears likely that H I will be falsified.

The available evidence indicates that, on the contrary, warming in this region has been slower than average, pointing to the bias due to sparse observations over it being in the opposite direction to that estimated from model simulations.

There is model - based evidence indicating that these differences in the land - surface response may be significant for the simulation of the local land - surface climate and regional atmospheric climate changes (see Chapter 7, Section 7.4).

As indicated in Fig. 2, the model simulation for global surface temperature is consistent with observations.

Values of «a» and «b» close to 1 would indicate that the model simulation well reproduces the correspondent temperature cycle.

They conducted a series of model simulations that indicate an intensification of food and feed crop production is the most effective contribution to global climate mitigation for land in the Midwest.

Our independent proxy estimates indicate that Arctic temperatures during the Pliocene were considerably warmer than previous estimates derived from empirical proxies (Ballantyne et al., 2006; Elias and Matthews, 2002) and climate model simulations (Haywood et al., 2009), despite estimates of Pliocene atmospheric CO2 levels that are comparable to today (Pagani et al., 2010).

Small ensembles of simulations have been performed with a number of models as indicated in the number of simulations column in Table 9.1.

Simulations with a simple climate model (Schimel et al., 1997) indicate that the global mean temperature response in these profiles is likely to differ by no more than about 0.2 °C from the equivalent WRE profiles (Wigley et al., 1996; see Figure 9.16), though the maximum rate of temperature change is likely to be lower with the S profiles.

The simulations performed with and without the direct sulphate effect (GS and G, respectively) with the same model are more similar to each other than to the other models, indicating that the individual response characteristics of the various models are dominating the response pattern rather than differences in the forcing.

Furthermore, global climate model simulations that correctly reproduce AA indicate that cold extremes and seasonal snowfall will continue to decrease as the globe warms40, 41,42.

Comparisons of observed and modelled trend estimates show that inclusion of anthropogenic effects in the model integrations improves the simulation of these changing temperature extremes, indicating that human influences are probably an important contributor to changes in the number of frost days and warm nights.