In dogs, the term breed is used two ways: loosely, to refer to dog types or landraces of dog (also called natural breeds or ancient breeds); or more precisely, to refer to
modern breeds of dog, which are documented so as to be known to be descended from specific ancestors, that closely resemble others of their breed in appearance, movement, way of working and other characters; and that reproduce with offspring closely resembling each other and their parents.
This is a particular concern for
modern breeds of «broiler» chickens and turkeys that have compromised immunity, mobility and cardiovascular health.
We know we are in the wrong and that God's teaching tells us to be pure and wait A purebred dog is a dog of
a modern breed of dog, with written documentation showing the individual purebred dog's descent from its breeds» foundation
In what became an unfortunate trend that continues to this day,
the modern breed of animated features relies a bit too much on crude gags and up - to - the - minute pop - culture references rather than on a magical sense of eternal appeal — Shrek falls into that camp, and even a mere decade - and - a-half later, much of it feels dated.
Recruiting a more
modern breed of writer can build flex into your author pool and widen your contact list.
The Uptown Dallas area has also attracted
a modern breed of working professionals and urban lovers, who crave the walkability living in the heart of the city affords.
Not exact matches
What Patterson needed, and by necessity invented, was a new
breed of professional, that
of the
modern salesman.
In our
modern age, this
breeds a world where busy work reigns supreme and the appearance
of working equals success.
He is one
of the last
of a
breed of postwar entrepreneurs and sportsmen who forged
modern Canada, striking deals on a handshake and always keeping their word.
Because
of the widespread alienation
of people from the resources
of their unconscious,
modern society
breeds psychological problems as a swamp
breeds mosquitos.
The idea that induced change to aplant's genetic code is a phenomenon
of the DNA age is also untrue:
modern hexaploid wheat possesses six times as many chromosomes as its prehistoric ancestor, thanks to tireless selection and
breeding over ten thousand years
of human farming.
Nearly all
modern fruits, vegetables, meats and animal products are derived from thousands
of years
of selective
breeding to increase size and fat / sugar content.
Genetic modification is a
modern breeding method that is used at IRRI to investigate and understand the diversity and function
of rice genes and to develop and deliver GM rice varieties.
IRRI is using
breeding and
modern biotechnology to develop rice that contains more beta - carotene (a source
of vitamin A), iron, and zinc.
Those with mild sensitivities to gluten may have luck eating this ancient grain as berries or ground into flour because it contains a different genome
of gluten than
modern wheat, and it has not been much changed by selective
breeding over the millennia (note: spelt is not genetically engineered — a completely different process from selective
breeding).
Over the last century, however,
modern intensive agriculture, with its high input
of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers and monocrop specialization, has been detrimental to the diversity
of genetic resources
of crop varieties and livestock
breeds, to the diversity
of wild flora and fauna species and to the diversity
of ecosystems.
The genetic improvement
of Musa using conventional
breeding, and
modern tools
of molecular and cellular biology
Being
bred for speed and not necessarily for intelligence, furthermore, the comprehension
of the
modern race horse
of his role in society is sometimes rather limited.
If his
breed seems like an endangered species, that may reflect the nature
of the
modern game.
After a few attempts
of releasing these captive -
breed young falcons (including a release at Mass Audubon's Drumlin Farm Wildlife Sanctuary in Lincoln), the first
modern falcon nest in Massachusetts was deemed successful in 1987.
These days, many
modern varietals
of mandarins, clementines and tangerines are
bred for easy peeling, so this job is not so hard.
Together they're «back -
breeding»
modern cattle to take on aurochs - like traits — like menacing horns and stripes along their backs — and then introducing herds
of these doppelganger herbivores into landscapes where aurochs once roamed.
In fact, most
modern breeds are the result
of humans
breeding cats for their favorite hair patterns.
But more than 220 years ago, this same
breed of mosquito was spreading a different and deadly epidemic right here in Philadelphia and just like Zika, this epidemic is seeing a
modern resurgence, with Brazil at its epicenter.
We learn
of scientists» efforts to engineer the first blue rose, and why
breeding for longer vase life has caused most
modern cut flowers to lose their scent entirely.
«The science here is still in its infancy,» says Weeks, who compares today's algae specialists to the ancient Mesoamericans who domesticated teosinte, the slender, meager grain that was
bred into
modern corn after some 8,000 years
of cultivation.
Those early dogs didn't have thousands
of years
of intense
breeding selection to sculpt them into the image
of modern dogs.
Even
modern dogs have been transformed dramatically in just 200 to 300 years
of breeding (SN Online: 4/26/17; SN: 1/31/09, p. 26).
«Studying these specimens and comparing them with
modern - day animals also helps to pinpoint existing populations that have retained some
of the past genetic diversity, much
of which has been lost to industrialized
breeding.
Today, they form the patrilineal backbone
of nearly every
modern horse
breed, including Thoroughbreds, the American Quarter horse, the South German draught horse, and the Appaloosa.
Next, the scientists expanded their analysis to include 363 males representing 57
modern breeds (about one - fifth
of all recognized
modern breeds), giving them a comprehensive chart
of which stallion lines founded these
breeds.
Based on the mutation rate and assuming an average
of 7 years between each generation, Wallner estimates the most recent common ancestor to 18
of the 21
modern breeds lived about 700 years ago.
The new study's lead author, Barbara Wallner, an evolutionary biologist at the University
of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, paired these old, yet meticulously kept data with
modern DNA sequencing techniques to investigate the origins
of today's horse
breeds.
Thanks to the precise testing
of Pm3 alleles, the best variations and combinations are identified and can then be used directly in traditional
breeding by crossbreeding them into
modern wheat varieties.
10 And Austrian monk Gregor Mendel's famous pea -
breeding experiments — the foundation
of modern ideas
of heredity — are suspiciously good, matching his theory
of genetic inheritance a little too well.
The genes
of 50 top bulls have been sequenced in an effort to understand how genes from temperate cattle have influenced important production traits in the
modern Brahman
breed.
They also took samples from 4676 pure -
bred «
modern» dogs
of 161
breeds, many
of European origin.
Using genetic analyses
of more than 50 horse
breeds, along with the pedigrees
of three stallions that founded English Thoroughbreds, researchers traced the Y chromosomes
of modern horses back hundreds
of years.
«Apart from stallion lines in Northern European
breeds, all stallion lines detected in other
modern breeds derive from more recently introduced Oriental ancestors,» says Barbara Wallner at the University
of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna.
Apart from a few private Northern European haplotypes, all
modern horse
breeds included in the study clustered into a roughly 700 - year - old haplogroup, transmitted to Europe by the import
of Oriental stallions, they report.
«Our data therefore illuminate the enormous impact
modern horse
breeding strategies — characterized by strong selection
of males and the import
of Oriental stallions — during the past few hundred years had on Y chromosome diversity.»
Modern tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) varieties are
bred for uniform ripening (u) light green fruit phenotypes to facilitate harvests
of evenly ripened fruit.
Running concurrently with
modern breeding techniques is the development
of genetically modified (GM) varieties
of wheat, which involves inserting a piece
of genetic material into another species
of wheat within the same genus.
So far, little information about the history
of horse domestication has been available since most previous findings concerned
modern breeds.
The study also compared the ancient pig sample with the genome
of modern pigs
of different
breeds, including «Creole» pigs, which are presumably the descendents
of the animals Spanish colonizers brought to America.
Take the wild and distant relatives
of bread wheat, transfer any agronomically important traits you can find into
modern varieties
of wheat and distribute the newly created germplasm worldwide for exploitation in international
breeding programmes and scientific research.
Features
of the sheep's coat and the rise
of textile crafts in teracted to motivate the thousands
of years
of selective
breeding that led to
modern fleece types
Modern breeding has resuscitated grocery store tomatoes with an influx
of wild genes; in the past 50 years, researchers have
bred back some 40 disease - resistance genes into commercial crops.
Village dogs therefore carry a more authentic genetic signature
of original dog populations than the
modern - day
breeds created in the past 200 years, mainly in Europe.
Conventional plant
breeding and
modern technology can increase the density
of micronutrients in staple crops grown and consumed by smallholder farmers around the world.