In regards the gridded network» stations, I have been informed that the Climate Research Unit's (CRU)
monthly mean surface temperature dataset has been constructed principally from data available on the two websites identified in my letter of 12 March 2007.
High values of the Hurst exponent of H = 0.66 ± 0.05 for deseasonalized
monthly mean surface temperatures in the sample period 1850 - 2015 suggest persistence and long term memory in the temperature time series.
Not exact matches
Normalised RMS error in simulation of climatological patterns of
monthly precipitation,
mean sea level pressure and
surface air
temperature.
Normalised RMS error in simulation of climatological patterns of
monthly precipitation,
mean sea level pressure and
surface air
temperature.
This February's sea
surface temperatures were 1.46 degrees above average, which
means the past nine months have been the nine highest
monthly global ocean
temperature departures on record.
During the drought years of 2012 — 2015,
mean monthly water
temperatures in the freshwater regions of the Delta from April to July were on average higher than between 1995 and 2011 (two - factor ANOVA, Bonferroni corrected P < 0.01), demonstrating the effects of drought on
surface water
temperatures (Fig. 1B).
Offshore,
mean monthly sea
surface temperatures range from 15.4 °C to 20.1 °C [3], but in the nearshore upwelling region, variability is greater and
temperatures range from 10 °C to 18 °C [4].
Monthly averages of global
mean surface temperature (GMST) include natural variability, and they are influenced by the differing heat capacities of the oceans and land masses.
Running twelve - month averages of global -
mean and European -
mean surface air
temperature anomalies relative to 1981 - 2010, based on
monthly values from January 1979 to March 2018.
Running twelve - month averages of global -
mean and European -
mean surface air
temperature anomalies relative to 1981 - 2010, based on
monthly values from January 1979 to April 2018.
Running twelve - month averages of global -
mean and European -
mean surface air
temperature anomalies relative to 1981 - 2010, based on
monthly values from January 1979 to February 2018.
Figure 18 - A
Monthly values of cloud coverage over 15 ° S - 15 ° N and
mean global
surface temperatures from December 1983 to December 2009 (Ole Humlum www.climate4you.com)
Figure 2: Lean and Rind reconstructions of the contributions to
monthly mean global
surface temperatures by individual natural and anthropogenic influences.
Global
surface and lower troposphere
monthly mean anomalies relative to the 1979 - 1998
mean temperature.
Image to right — Looking at Average
Monthly Global Temperatures: This is a global map of unusual (anomaly) monthly - mean surface temperatures for the year 2004 relative to the 1951 - 1980 ba
Monthly Global
Temperatures: This is a global map of unusual (anomaly) monthly - mean surface temperatures for the year 2004 relative to the 1951 - 19
Temperatures: This is a global map of unusual (anomaly)
monthly - mean surface temperatures for the year 2004 relative to the 1951 - 1980 ba
monthly -
mean surface temperatures for the year 2004 relative to the 1951 - 19
temperatures for the year 2004 relative to the 1951 - 1980 baseline.
The least - squares linear - regression trend on the RSS satellite
monthly global
mean surface temperature anomaly dataset continues to show no global warming for 18 years 9 months since February 1997, though one - third of all anthropogenic forcings have occurred during the period of the Pause.
Further to my previous comments, it should be noted that the warm anomalies («anomaly»
means the difference from the norm, whether yearly, seasonal,
monthly, etc.) mentioned are sea
surface temperatures.
Global average
temperature The
mean surface temperature of the Earth measured from three main sources: satellites,
monthly readings from a network of over 3,000
surface temperature observation stations and sea
surface temperature measurements taken mainly from the fleet of merchant ships, naval ships and data buoys.
GISS relies on data collected by other organizations, specifically, NOAA / NCEI's Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) v3 adjusted
monthly mean data as augmented by Antarctic data collated by UK Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and also NOAA / NCEI's Extended Reconstructed Sea
Surface Temperature (ERSST) v5 data.
The
monthly global
surface temperature data are from NCDC, NOAA: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/anomalies/index.html; the global
mean sea level data are from AVISO satellite altimetry data: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/news/ocean-indicators/
mean-sea-level/; and the CO2 at Mauna Loa data are from NOAA http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/