Economic justice, included in social justice, can be defined as
the moral principles which design economic institutions.
The distance between
the moral principles which the Church proclaims and — leaving aside for the moment the question of the Church's pastoral office — which alone can be propounded doctrinally, and the concrete prescriptions by which the individual and the various human communities freely shape their existence, has now increased to an extent that introduces what is practically a difference of nature as compared with earlier times.
2) While no one can dispute that religions promote many
moral principles which might make the world a better place if they were followed, the real question is... do they follow them?
John Paul goes on to say, «Nevertheless, the fundamental
moral principle which we find in Ephesians remains the same and produces the same results.
Not exact matches
This general revelation,
which makes itself manifest in certain universal
moral principles, is one that is most immediately accessible to human reason.
The problem with interpreting «biblical
principles» as
moral absolutes without taking the mitigating circumstances into consideration is that there is no room for compassion or mercy,
which leads to the commission of sins against the law of love,
which transcends and surpassingly fulfills all other laws.
According to this understanding, the role of religion in political debate is not so much to supply these norms, as if they could not be known by non-believers — still less to propose concrete political solutions,
which would lie altogether outside the competence of religion — but rather to help purify and shed light upon the application of reason to the discovery of objective
moral principles.
But there are true
moral principles to
which we should not dull our sensitivity.
For life within the Catholic Church, the stumbling - block as regards change in the Church's doctrine is not so much the question of defined dogmas as other doctrines of the Church in dogmatic and
moral theology
which are taught authoritatively but
which in
principle can not count as defined doctrines of faith or as irreformable dogma.
It is because a particular
moral action of an individual is not simply and solely identical with the observation of general
principles, but as well as this involves something additional and proper to the particular instance, for
which the individual as such must take
moral responsibility.
The Church was always only able to proclaim universal
moral principles, where the Christian acted as bound by the teaching of the Church, he always had to keep his action within the framework of the
principles of natural law and of the Gospel
which were taught by the Church.
No one can deny that the difference between the
moral principles of the economic order and the concrete model of an economy
which ought to exist today, is becoming greater and greater.
What the Girl Scouts decided was that if the girl in question believed in something that allowed for the same traditional Scouting function of religious education — religious and spiritual self - cultivation based on the
principle of a
moral order of
which the Scout can be a part — she could substitute her preferred name for that instead of using the word «God.»
In the case of the individual living bona fide in invincible error,
moral theologians have worked out useful
principles which make life easier regarding the practice of the confessional, admission to the sacraments and so forth.
Only someone who overlooks the fact that this answer itself has a real history
which is a history of the reality reflected on as well as of the reflection itself, can think that the Church with its
principles, because they too can be given concrete form, is always able to follow directly on the heels of what is new in the changing course of history and that only by its own fault and failure could the Church lag behind events in its theological reflection on
morals.
For that reason the Church teaches
moral maxims with specific content to be observed by the faithful in every case where the inner structure of reality to
which these
principles apply is actually present and where this presence is recognized by the Christian.
Accordingly, the remainder of this essay will proceed as follows: I will first seek to show that the meta - ethical character of every claim to
moral validity includes a
principle of social action by
which a universal community of rights is constituted, so that no
moral theory can be valid if it is inconsistent with these rights.
As such, the
principle is distinguished from all substantive prescriptions, adherence to any one of
which is not explicitly neutral to all
moral disagreement.
The parable is not a quarry from
which moral principles can be mined and the remainder left for the slag heap.
Because we can not directly observe the behavior of biblical people or interview them about their
moral values and
principles, it is all the more important to study the biblical forms of
moral discourse — the many ways in
which these values and judgments are expressed.
On the other hand, being an atheist, she naturally espouses amoral behavior; a lack of
moral principles — only those that are self - imposed and self - executed, and
which are subject to change at a whim.
Bargaining and barter were and are known in all the cultures that have developed
moral and religious traditions, most of
which have well - known maxims and
principles that deal with the vast spectrum of social and
moral issues, from fair weight to marriage contracts, bred in the marketplace.
Rather than accept the burden of complicated
moral decisions, to
which they must apply critical thinking and rational inquiry, they turn off their mental faculty and accept as true and infallible a set of
principles that we developed in the very infancy of our civilization.
This limitation severely constricts the freedom of Christian churches»
which have a distinguished record of establishing universities and hospitals for all men and women» in the exercise of their own
moral principles.
Among the most elementary
principles of Western Civilization is the truth that laws
which violate the
moral law are null and void and must in conscience be disobeyed.
Alvin Plantinga, prof. of theology @ Notre Dame: he defends the notion of reformed epistemology,
which states that if
moral arguments for Christianity are true, then
principles of the Christian faith are likely to be true as well.
With the value - laden concept of organism as our starting point, there is a hope of having a single set of
principles which encompass all forms of experience, physiology and psychology, including
morals, politics and aesthetics.
He says that a particular
moral theory called «principlism,»
which emerged in the mid-1970s — embracing the
principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice — came to characterize the field «according to the profession's own self - declaration.»
Hartshorne, like Jonathan Bennett, is willing to hold that just as good
moral principles can check bad desires, so also sympathy can check bad
principles.8 Sympathy is not brute and non-
moral (or immoral), as Kant thought, but an important component of the
moral life
which should be in reflective equilibrium with our
moral principles.
There are no creeds just
principles which give the framework for an ethical
moral life.
But «a
moral discussion is inconclusive and even trivial, if it leaves out the question of its application,» as Gregory Vlastos has said.13 In order to be as specific as possible about this approach to Christian social philosophy I shall outline in arbitrary fashion five general
principles which I suggest can be supported by the evidence of human experience as being necessary guides to the conditions under
which the Good Society can grow.
A Church in
which this approach to ethics is understood will be more fully able to reconcile within its own body those who emphasize one or the other
principle, and those who disagree profoundly in their judgment on particular
moral issues.
Yet it will be an ethic
which holds in creative balance the authority of enduring
moral principles with the freedom of the Christian spirit.
The Reformers saw that the basis of
moral responsibility and decision of the Christian does not lie in the elaboration of
principles but in the concrete response of free men to the call of God,
which is a call to action and service.
In
principle, physical education provides the best opportunity for the harmonious development of the entire person, through contests of skill in
which intelligence, esthetic imagination, social sensitivity, and
moral purpose are channeled through significant physical activity.
It's refreshing, indeed, to see a man of Menninger's reputation conclude that mental health and
moral health are inseparable — thus embracing
principles which will bring recovery.
But as men became more and more aware of
moral principles and as their thinking was «rationalized», the way in
which the sacred was understood, the way in
which men came to interpret the more - than - human, was in terms of love and of «persuasion» (as Whitehead put it), although it never lost the awesome quality
which evoked from them worship and adoration.
The church possesses, or better is possessed by, the
principle of life «in Christ» — a life of discipleship that is not simply obedience to a set of
moral truths supposedly taught by Jesus but a life in
which «Christ dwells in our hearts by faith» and enables his people to act, insofar as they are able, in conformity with his pattern of human existence.
Which is why we must find a way to engage in public discourse that will reflect the «religious or spiritual
principles that underlie our legal system and
moral codes.»
Muslims assert that Islam is a religion with the best standards and ideals, giving to its believers high
moral principles and guiding them to a deep spiritual life
which brings peace and comfort in this world and the next.
By contrast, a child's right to protection from a parent's brutality is a matter of both
moral principle and law
which the courts will enforce.
Hence we require a structure of
moral and legal
principles with the agencies of courts, legislatures, and political processes
which establish laws in the light of the judgment of the people about their needs.
(Rabbi) Mayer Schiller Monsey, NY... Our
moral order and political system
which the judiciary is busily undermining are the fruit of «the laws of nature and of nature's God,» the
principles of the Declaration of Independence.
All of
which is really to say that evil magic is domination of the natural world through science and technology loosed from any sense of
moral principle — the culture of death.
Hence, in his striking phrase, «the Church gave unto God the attributes
which belonged exclusively to Caesar», seeing him «in the image of an imperial ruler», «in the image of a personification of
moral energy», or «in the image of an ultimate philosophical
principle».
«In the great formative period of theistic philosophy,
which ended with the rise of Mahometanism, after a continuance coeval with civilization, three strains of thought emerge
which, amid many variations in detail, respectively fashion God in the image of an imperial ruler, God in the image of a personification of
moral energy, God in the image of an ultimate philosophical
principle.»
Instead, somewhat like Pope John Paul, Lincoln demanded that the
principles of equality and liberty, the
moral truths of human dignity
which form the Constitution's foundations, become the «civil religion» of every citizen.
(2) Freedom of choice should be allowed in those matters on
which a plurality of views are held — views based on well - articulated
principles rooted in cultural tradition or widely recognized
moral, philosophical and religious beliefs.
1 The guru of the World Economic Forum, George Soros, has said the same, arguing that a purely transactional approach to economic activity governed by the
principle of self - interest,
which he labels «market fundamentalism», is in danger of undermining social values and loosening
moral constraints.2
Only certain kinds of human activities, relationships, and patterns of organization are possible, and the
moral order is an expression of these various structures together with
principles upon
which certain preferences may be established among them.