As the fifth biggest day for a net increase in relationships, April 1st saw 20 %
more relationship initiations than splits.
Not exact matches
Given the Courts decision in Keenan v Canac, it is
more important than ever for both employees and employers to seek employment law advice not only upon termination but also at the
initiation of an employment
relationship.
(Posted Feb 2012) Click here for the transcript of this podcast Number 6 Interviews with Justin Cavallo on gender differences and
relationship initiation and Jennifer Byrd - Craven on how talking about negative events with friends can actually cause
more stress.
Earlier
initiation of romantic
relationships and
more frequent alcohol use were predicted by greater sociability and less impulsivity in childhood, higher quality friendships and greater peer acceptance in early adolescence, and a
more mature appearance and physical attractiveness (among females) at age 13.
These associations were mediated, however, by earlier
initiation of romantic
relationships and
more frequent use of alcohol in middle adolescence.
Adolescents having a secure attachment with parents are
more able to explore the world, negotiate their autonomy and develop appropriate social skills, which are crucial for the
initiation and maintenance of close
relationships, as well as satisfying interactions with friends and romantic partners (Ávila et al. 2011; Engels et al. 2001).
Among the findings were that perceived imbalance with respect to the work of
relationship initiation was common, that women were
more likely than men to perceive their partners as having done
more work than they did themselves, and that overall there were no gender differences in perceptions of who did
more work.
As is true of other areas of work in romantic
relationships that generally require contributions by both members (e.g., division of household labor, childcare), the work of
relationship initiation and maintenance may sometimes be done
more by one partner than the other.
However, a majority (approximately 64 %) perceived the work of
relationship initiation as imbalanced (i.e., one partner contributing
more than the other).
In regard to
relationship initiation, slightly
more of both men (31.6 %) and women (38.9 %) perceived the male partner as having worked harder than perceived the female partner as having worked harder (27.4 % of men, 30.5 % of women).
The goals of this investigation were to examine: (1)
relationship members» perceptions of the balance of work at both the
initiation and the maintenance stages of their
relationship; (2) whether one gender in heterosexual, romantic
relationships is perceived as doing
more of the work of
relationship initiation and
relationship maintenance; and (3) relational outcomes (e.g, satisfaction) associated with the perceptions of balance versus imbalance in the work of
relationship initiation and maintenance.
Conversely, women are
more likely to engage in indirect strategies of
relationship initiation (e.g., nonverbal cues of interest)(e.g., Clark et al., 1999).
Contrary to H1a, a greater percentage of participants perceived that one partner did
more of the work of
relationship initiation (64.2 %) than said the work was balanced or mutually shared (35.8 %), Χ2 (1) = 15.35, p <.001.
We hypothesize that male partners will be
more likely than female partners to be perceived as doing the work of
relationship initiation (H3), but that female partners will be
more likely than male partners to be perceived as doing the work of
relationship maintenance (H4).
When we retraced the history of a sample of heterosexual couples back to the beginning of their
relationship, by asking who had done the work of
relationship initiation, we found that partners were
more likely to say that one partner had worked harder than the other than to say that the partners had mutually shared the work.
Although research on
relationship endings has established that ex-partners often report that the dissolution phase is non-mutual, with one partner doing
more of the work than the other (e.g., Attridge, Berscheid, & Simpson, 1995; Sprecher, 1994), much less is known about how couples perceive the balance of work at the
initiation and maintenance stages.
In addition, although our global item about work balance (which did not ask about specific work activities related to
relationship initiation and maintenance) has the benefit of allowing the participants to consider the behaviors important to them, future research could also ask
more specifically about what behaviors partners engage in as part of their contribution to the work of the
relationship initiation and maintenance.
Next, we examined whether there were differences in the degree to which the male partner versus the female partner was perceived as doing
more of the work of
relationship initiation and maintenance.
However, we recognize that there are many reasons that the workload of the
relationship, particularly at
initiation, could be perceived as imbalanced with one partner viewed as doing
more work than the other.
For example, partners who believe that they did
more of the work of
relationship initiation may come to feel especially committed to their
relationship, as would be predicted by a cognitive dissonance framework on justifying effort (e.g., Aronson & Mills, 1959).
For example, prior research has revealed that men are
more likely than women to report engaging in various direct
relationship initiation activities, including asking for a date, paying for the first date (s), making initial sexual overtures, and saying the first «I love you» (Ackerman, Griskevicius, & Li, 2011; Bredow et al., 2008; Clark et al., 1999; Custer et al., 2008).
Because mutuality, egalitarianism, and equity constitute common ideals that most people value and strive to achieve in their close romantic
relationships (e.g., Canary & Stafford, 1992; Dainton & Stafford, 1993; Haas & Stafford, 1998), we hypothesize that our participants will be
more likely to perceive balanced than imbalanced sharing of
relationship work, at both the
initiation stage (H1a) and the maintenance stage (H1b).