Sentences with word «morphogen»

«Drosophila fly brings to light the role of morphogens in limb growth.»

Wnt proteins, regulators of development in many organisms, bind to seven transmembrane — spanning (7TMS) receptors called frizzleds, thereby recruiting the cytoplasmic molecule dishevelled (Dvl) to the plasma membrane.Frizzled - mediated endocytosis of Wg (a Drosophila Wnt protein) and lysosomal degradation may regulate the formation of morphogen gradients.

In conclusion, my thesis work has shown that alterations in morphogen signaling landscapes underlie differences in tissue sizes.

Ubx impedes morphogen mobility in the haltere by up - regulating the receptor throughout the haltere and repressing an HSPG in the posterior half of the haltere.

This and two other studies published simultaneously in the journal eLife settle the intense scientific debate regarding the function of Dpp and other morphogens involved in development.

In February Jeremy Green and his team at King's College London identified a pair of proteins called morphogens that shape the ridges on a mouse's palate.

Indeed, transcription of decapentaplegic (dpp), a growth - promoting morphogen of the BMP family, is reduced in the haltere in comparison with the wing (2).

Because receptor binding impedes morphogen mobility, I examined the expression pattern of the Dpp receptor thickveins (tkv) and found it to be strongly up - regulated in the haltere compared with the wing.

Fgf8 morphogen gradient forms by a source - sink mechanism with freely diffusing molecules.

«We observed that when we place a gene in a compartment at the edge of the array, it creates a diminishing protein concentration gradient; other compartments within the array can sense and respond to this gradient — similar to how morphogen concentration gradients diffuse through the cells and tissues of an embryo during early development.

For example, the Wnt and Hedgehog morphogen pathways are also altered in the haltere relative to the wing (4, 5).

In other cases, different concentrations of morphogen elicit different responses, and it is this type of gradient that is most important for providing an increase in the complexity of the developing organism.

«The wing of Drosophila melanogaster has several morphogens, such as Dpp (BMP in humans) and Wingless (Wnt in humans), which are necessary for growth,» explains Lara Barrio, the first author of the study and postdoctoral fellow in the Development and Growth Control Lab at IRB Barcelona.

People hypothesize about cell division, cell death, chemical morphogens, and charge fields, but it always seems to fall short of a final answer.»

Besides explaining how the tiger got its stripes, the results may provide new perspective on morphogen misregulation, which plays a major role in cancer.

This demonstrates how a fairly subtle modification of a regulatory network, effected by a selector gene, can set off a chain of events that has powerful ramifications for morphogen signaling and organ size.

Reduced morphogen availability causes a reduction in haltere size relative to the wing.

And how exactly do changes in patterns of morphogen activity translate into changes in size?

Cell - cell communication, Early Nervous System Development, Wnt Family of Secreted Morphogens and Signaling, Cancer, Skeletal and Neurologic Diseases

Eroshkin, A. & Mushegian, A. Conserved transactivation domain shared by interferon regulatory factors and Smad morphogens.

Ribeiro D., Laguna Goya R., Ravindran G., Vuono R., Parish C.L., Foldi C., Piroth T., Yang S., Parmar M., Nikkhah G., Hjerling - Leffler J., Lindvall O., Barker R.A., Arenas E. Efficient expansion and dopaminergic differentiation of human fetal ventral midbrain neural stem cells by midbrain morphogens.

Although Wnts were better known because of their role as morphogens — proteins that pattern bodily structures and determine cell fates — Zou recently showed how members of the Wnt family served to guide pathfinding axons up and down the spinal cord by attracting or repelling receptors on the growth cones of sensory or motor nerves.

As Ouellette reported, such morphogens have been found for zebra fish stripes, and behave pretty much as Turing predicted.

A complex set of interactions between morphogens and their corresponding signalling pathways contributes to organizing limb growth along the dorsal - ventral, anterior - posterior and proximal - distal axes.

We are currently analyzing the interplay between nutrient sensing pathways and tissue - autonomous signals, including morphogens and their gradients, in regulating wing growth.

Hox modulation of components of morphogen signaling pathways seems likely to define a general principle of size regulation (3).

Interpretation of the FGF8 morphogen gradient is regulated by endocytic trafficking.

The mobilities of BMPs, Wnts, Hedgehogs, and other morphogens are promoted by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs)(6).

Eventually, she published strong, direct evidence for the so - called gradient model, which posits that it's not just the concentration of signaling molecules called morphogens, but also how precipitously they drop in concentration as they travel from their source, that regulates growth.

Ubx reduces the size of the haltere imaginal disc relative to that of the wing by decreasing the production and mobility of growth - promoting morphogens (for example, Dpp).

As a consequence, morphogen mobility is severely impaired in the posterior side of the tissue, causing the posterior of the haltere to be smaller than the anterior (5)(see the figure).

Or are the growth effectors downstream of morphogen signaling also differentially tuned to create specific sizes for specific contexts?

Some morphogenic gradients apparently yield but a single effect: If the concentration of a morphogen in a particular place is above a critical threshold, a target gene is activated; otherwise, it is not.

The hypothesis, in essence, is that cells in a developing field respond to a special substance — a morphogen — the concentration of which gradually increases in a certain direction, forming a gradient.

In all the pathways so far investigated, the final result is a gradient of morphogen that functions principally as a transcription factor, initiating or suppressing the transcription of one or more target genes in a concentration - dependent manner.

Different concentrations of the morphogen were postulated to cause different responses in cells.

«We know that the gradient of this morphogen in particular aDrosophila melanogasterffects the structural organisation or the identity of the tissue, but the different levels of Dpp across the tissue have no effect on growth.

«Morphogen gradients don't.

Morphogens are molecules found in concentration gradients throughout tissues and they send signals from one cell to another.

Morphogens have been considered to be responsible for this process; however, using distinct techniques, these three studies now conclude that morphogens are necessary for growth but that their concentration gradients do not directly govern this process.

This research is consistent with knowledge about the morphogen Sonic hedgehog in vertebrate limbs.

«The EPF2 peptide acts like a morphogen which alters stem cell character in the epidermis of growing leaves and blocks the formation of stomata at elevated CO2,» explains Engineer.

These morphogens, named fibroblast growth factor and sonic hedgehog, form an «activator» and «inhibitor» pair that together differentiate cells into ridges and troughs.

Cell differentiation, represented by the different colours of the French flag, is caused by a gradient of a signalling molecule (morphogen); i.e. at high, middle or low concentrations of the morphogen a «blue,» «white» or «red» gene stripe is activated, respectively.

First, Andreea Munteanu, co-author of the study, performed a theoretical screen for finding all design classes that produce the desired behaviour (stripe formation in a morphogen gradient).

How cellular gene regulatory networks (GRNs) respond to the morphogen, in a concentration - dependent manner, is a pivotal question in developmental biology.

They identified a simpler 2 - node network — where the stripe gene is directly controlled by both activation and repression from the morphogen sensor gene - that replicates the stripe - forming ability in its simplest form.

Rather, I hypothesized that, because of their fundamental and non-autonomous role in the control of tissue growth and patterning, alterations in morphogen signaling might underlie changes in organ size.