12 In the middle of the century, there were only a third as many women as men artists, but even this mildly encouraging statistic is deceptive when we discover that out of this relatively
meager number, none had attended that major stepping stone to artistic success, the Ecole des Beaux - Arts, only 7 percent had received any official commission or had held any official office — and these might include the
most menial sort of work — only 7 percent had ever received any Salon medal, and none had ever received the Legion of Honor.13 Deprived of encouragements, educational facilities and rewards, it is almost incredible that a certain percentage of women did persevere and seek a profession in the arts.