Sentences with phrase «most of the aerosols»

That's because scientists have presumed that most of the aerosols from minor eruptions do not rise beyond the troposphere, the layer of Earth's atmosphere where weather occurs and where natural processes quickly clear particles from the atmosphere.

My (nonexpert) recollection is the high latitude eruptions would mean most of the aerosols would end up in the hemisphere of the eruption.

Of course the rapid industrialization occurred mostly in the northern hemisphere and most of the aerosols were emitted there and thus this is where you would expect the cooling to have occurred.

It takes a couple of years for most of the aerosols from a large volcanic eruption to settle out of the air, so their cooling effect likewise lasts a couple of years.

You could also ask Andrew Revkin to withdraw his still - standing claim that most of the aerosols in atmospheric brown clouds are due to biomass burning.

In fact, since as you can see, most of these aerosols are in the norther hemisphere, one would expect that, if cooling were a big deal, the northern hemisphere would have cooled vs. the southern, but in fact as we will see in a minute exactly the opposite is true — the northern hemisphere is heating much faster than the south.

Not exact matches

This is due to the mostly contractual nature of therelationships with their customers, which for the most part is cheifly supported by the drinks industry, but also includes aerosol cans used for hair and shaving products.

A key giveaway that aerosols were behind the effect was that the lightning was most pronounced at times of the year when powerful atmospheric convection currents form that can carry the aerosol particles high into the sky (Geophysical Research Letters, doi.org/cc7b).

Most projections say tighter regulations, cleaner sources of electricity and higher - mileage vehicles will cut industrial emissions enough by the end of this century that farm emissions will be starved of the other ingredients necessary to create aerosols, she said.

So says world's most prominent geoscientist, Markku Kulmala, professor of physics at the University of Helsinki, Finland, and head of the Aerosol and Haze Laboratory at the Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China.

«One reason that we haven't appreciated the role of aerosols in the climate system is that many — most — models don't include aerosol - cloud interactions,» including only a handful of those used in IPCC's fifth assessment report, released in 2014.

A few of the main points of the third assessment report issued in 2001 include: An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system; emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate; confidence in the ability of models to project future climate has increased; and there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

In 2009, for example, the Royal Society reported that aerosols sprayed into the sky were one of the cheapest and most effective methods.

However, most datasets do not provide information about the layered structure of clouds and aerosols.

But most is the result of human actions, in the form of sulphate aerosols from burning fuels.

The team conducted most of the study's experiments during the summer of 2012 in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) facility — a former nuclear reactor that has since been converted into the world's largest cloud chamber.

Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study shows that in the most polluted areas of northern and eastern China, aerosol pollution is reducing the potential for solar electricity generation by as much as one and a half kilowatt - hour per square meter per day, or up to 35 percent.

Jack added: «Dust is one of the most important aerosols for both the climate and the biology of an environment, and so understanding the amount of dust produced, and the distance and direction it travels is vital to allow us to understand its effect better.»

Among the most uncertain elements in climate models are the effects of aerosols and their interactions with clouds — just the things involved in albedo modification — she says.

Most of these are derived from studying the modern atmosphere, which is heavily polluted with aerosols such as airborne soot.

Preliminary analyses show that most of the pollution was sulphate aerosols — along with dust and carbonaceous particles such as black carbon.

Previous studies with primates suggest that aerosols of most biothreat agents, which are particles dispersed in the air, are infectious.

Most of the uncertainty is related to aerosol effects.

To deal with that, most sucessful scientists develop networks of «trusted» sources — people you know and get along with, but who are specialists in different areas (dynamics, radiation, land surfaces, aerosols, deep time paleo etc.) and who you can just call up and ask for the bottom line.

However, there are lots of disagreements discussed here — in regard to climate sensitivity, hurricanes, aerosols, climate modelling etc. but most of these are serious discussions amongst people who are genuinely trying to come to an answer.

The 2006 paper on SPLAT II is the second most cited in Aerosol Science and Technology, the 4th ranked journal in mechanical engineering and the official journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research.

Most of the non-model estimates of climate sensitivity are based on the analyses using other forcings such as solar and aerosols, and the assumption that sensitivity to CO2 will be the same, despite the differences in way these forcings couple to the climate system.

(e) Estimated temperature response to anthropogenic forcing, consisting of a warming component from greenhouse gases, and a cooling component from most aerosols.

Most studies consider a range of anthropogenic forcing factors, including greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosol forcing, sometimes directly including the indirect forcing effect, such as Knutti et al. (2002, 2003), and sometimes indirectly accounting for the indirect effect by using a wide range of direct forcing (e.g., Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001; Forest et al., 2002, 2006).

For example, the simulations show that equatorial injections of sulfuric acid at high altitudes — where aerosols have a longer residence time — are the most effective at reflecting incoming radiation per unit of sulfur.

Why it matters: Aerosol processes — how they behave and interact with clouds in the atmosphere — are among the most important — yet most difficult to simulate, aspects of climate modeling.

In addition, model intercomparison studies do not quantify the range of uncertainty associated with a specific aerosol process, nor does this type of uncertainty analysis provide much information on which aerosol process needs improving the most.

Most sulfate aerosols rise in the Northern Hemisphere as a result of industrial activity, such as burning coal.

Making matters worse are the common things that damage our lungs, and we are exposed to most of these every day: scented products, candles, cleaning agents, chlorine via bathing & swimming, the off - gassing of items such as carpets and plastic items, formaldehyde, flame retardant, dust, paint, solvents, pollen, pesticides, aerosol products, air fresheners, and airborne microorganisms... oh my!

The most common means of transmission is through aerosols generated by horses with cough; therefore, infection can spread many feet, particularly in closed airspaces.

Bitter sprays can be purchased from most pet stores or on - line and typically come in the form of a pump spray or aerosol containing a liquid that is designed to have an unpleasant taste.

Simple Solution Urine Destroyer Simple Solution, the most experienced stain and odor cleaning company with 30 years of science behind it — and the greatest oxy fighting and enzymatic technology in the market — has introduced Simple Solution Urine Destroyer with an innovative continuous aerosol delivery spray designed to inject liquid down into the carpet and beneath the surface.

This new body of work is perhaps his most outlandish work in a quartz - century journey using aerosol and a vast range of different media.

By the mid-1970s most of the creative standards in Aerosol Art had already been established, and the genre began to stagnate.

In this case, large amounts of sulphate aerosols (small particles) are injected into the stratosphere by large explosive eruptions (the most recent one being Mt. Pinatubo in 1991).

With a small amount of LW penetrating into the first three meters and a normal mid-ocean Wind and Wave complex most of the radiant energy is also returned to the atmosphere if not as direct heat then in the form of warm salt aerosols?

This is one of the reasons why the most confident statements in IPCC are made with respect to the «Anthropogenic» changes all together since that doesn't require parsing out the (opposing) factors of GHGs and aerosols.

And the sort of FF burned during the first half of the 20th century was produced by the fuel most likely to generate sulfate aerosols: coal.

What it shows is the effect of the structural uncertainty in individual GCMs (meaning that some of them are systematically high, others systematically low, due to flaws in the representation of the physics; most probably related to discretization / parametrization effects for clouds and / or aerosols).

Aerosol processes are among the most uncertain, and most studied, aspects of climate and these experiments (they bombarded a clean mixture of water, SO2, O3 and air with high energy UV and saw small H2SO4 droplets form) might be useful in adding to that field.

Probably not the most relevant one, though, given that the main point of the Shindell et al paper was methane's indirect effect on aerosols.

If «The most extreme scenario postulated in TAR» is almost solely dependent on GHG emissions, why would the introduction of aerosol effects not change the results?

There are an ever increasing number of these «indirect effects», but the two most discussed are the aerosol / cloud opacity interaction (more aerosols provide more sites for water to condense in clouds, thus cloud droplets are smaller and clouds become more opaque), and the cloud lifetime effect (smaller droplets make it more difficult to make drops big enough to rain, and so clouds live longer).

The most extreme scenario postulated in TAR (A1F1) already has a big reduction in sulphate aerosol forcing, and so the temperature changes by 2100 are almost purely a function of the GHG forcing.

Other work shows that shipping is one of the most significant sources of aerosols to the Arctic, thus influencing climate there.