After World War II,
most sea surface data were collected from ships.
Not exact matches
A well - known issue with LGM proxies is that the
most abundant type of proxy
data, using the species composition of tiny marine organisms called foraminifera, probably underestimates
sea surface cooling over vast stretches of the tropical oceans; other methods like alkenone and Mg / Ca ratios give colder temperatures (but aren't all coherent either).
Conservative tracer studies using stable oxygen isotopic
data from 307 sites show that while the entire
surface of this area receives abundant freshwater from meteoric sources, freshwater from
sea ice melt is
most closely linked to the areas of carbonate mineral undersaturation.
It's hard to imagine how Cowtan and Way could determine with any degree of certainty how «the hybrid method works best over land and
most importantly
sea ice» when there is so little
surface air temperature
data over
sea ice.
Six types of instruments aboard Aqua are to scan through the atmosphere down to the
surface, gathering the
most detailed
data ever on water vapor in clouds, ice crystals in the air, evaporation, water in the oceans, icebergs and other
sea ice, as well as glaciers and snow pack on land.
Most interesting is that the about monthly variations correlate with the lunar phases (peak on full moon) The Helsinki Background measurements 1935 The first background measurements in history; sampling
data in vertical profile every 50 - 100m up to 1,5 km; 364 ppm underthe clouds and above Haldane measurements at the Scottish coast 370 ppmCO2 in winds from the
sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic
data and CO2 in air over the
sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over
sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents
Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over
sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aver
sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly average
Some day I'll figure out why the climate science community insists on using abstract forms of
sea surface temperature
data as indices, like the PDO, when detrending the
sea surface temperatures of the KOE (which dominate the North Pacific) would provide the same basic information (only inverted) and would be less confusing for
most persons.
Since the real meteorological shipping
data are very non-uniform and unevenly spaced, ICOADS have done some complex interpolation and extrapolation in both time and space to provide this information as a 2 × 2 degree grid covering
most of the global
sea surface.
Other
data sets such as ocean heat content,
sea ice extent, whatever, are not sufficiently mature or long - range... Further, the
surface temperature is
most relevant to climate change impacts, since humans and land ecosystems live on the
surface.»
Before the 1980s,
most scientists were turning to
data on
sea surface temperature and salinity to gain insights about circulation.