Oct4, Sox2, c - Myc, and Klf4 were the four original factors that were capable of converting
mouse and human fibroblasts into iPs cells [1], [3], [5], [11], [12].
It has recently been demonstrated that
mouse and human fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into an embryonic stem cell - like state by introducing combinations of four transcription factors.
Not exact matches
As controls,
fibroblasts and secretions from normal lab rats,
mice,
and another rodent called the spiny
mouse were powerless to stop the
human cancer cells growing.
In vitro experiments used
human colon carcinoma cells with
and without MMP9
and mouse embryonic
fibroblasts, which are connective tissue cells that make the extracellular matrix
and collagen
and play an important role in tissue repair.
In a study published recently in the journal Carbon, the team grew
human and mouse fibroblast cells (cells involved in wound healing) on flat graphene sheets
and on wrinkled ones.
Expanding from their previous studies with
mice, the researchers first established that under specific conditions, culturing
human embryonic stem cells with
fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) leads to neural differentiation particular to the midbrain / hindbrain region — the location of the cerebellum — within three weeks,
and the expression of markers for the cerebellar plate neuroepithelium — the part of the developing nervous system specific for the cerebellum — within five.
Despite overexpression of mRNA from the XpdTTD allele relative to the wt allele (Figure 1E), TFIIH protein levels were reduced by 50 % in primary
mouse XpdTTD / TTD
fibroblasts (Figure 4E
and 4F), thereby mimicking the situation in
human patients with TTD.
Having shown that it's possible to directly reprogram
mouse fibroblasts (in a dish
and in adult hearts)
and also
human heart
fibroblasts in a dish, Dr. Srivastava's group is testing the recipe in pigs, whose heart size
and physiology is closer to our own.
Yamanaka's group used
human adult dermal
fibroblasts and induced them to become iPSCs, appearing
and functioning like hESCs, by having them express the same proteins as he used with
mouse cells: Oct - 4, Sox2, Klf4,
and c - Myc (Takahashi et al., 2007).
With current methodologies,
mouse embryonic
fibroblast (MEF) cells have been used as a feeder layer to derive both
mouse and human iPS cells.
While scientists have successfully reprogrammed different types of
mouse cells (
fibroblasts, liver
and intestinal cells), skin
fibroblasts were the only
human cell type they had ever tried their hands on.
Pluripotent stem cells can be generated from adult
mouse - tail tip
fibroblasts and adult
human fibroblasts by the retrovirus - mediated transfection of four transcription factors, Oct3 / 4, Sox2, c - Myc,
and Klf4.