Sentences with phrase «moving electrons in»

The fast - moving electrons in the plasma slam into these molecules, producing highly reactive species such as hydroxyl and nitric - oxide molecules.

They turned to quinones, a carbon - based class of chemicals that play an important role in animal and plant metabolism, moving electrons in the chemical reactions we use to store energy in our bodies.

The researchers suspected that quinones also could move electrons in flow batteries.

Like CGL71, these clusters are critical for the first stage of photosynthesis, where they move electrons in order to create the energy molecules.

Not exact matches

And since everything in the universe acts according to a definite pattern (electrons whiz round the nucleus of an atom and humans desire happiness - even if they are mistaken in what they do to try and get happy - and acorn trees produce acorns) then it is safe to say that there must be an intelligence moving the universe.

When the dust settled in the 1970s, we were left with two kinds of elementary particles: quarks, which group into heavier composites like protons and neutrons; and lighter particles called leptons, like the electron and the neutrino, which can move freely without bunching into heavier combinations.

«One way to know is by understanding how electrons move around in these materials so we can develop new ways of manipulating them — for example, with light instead of electrical current as conventional computers do.»

All light comes from the same physical process: An electron circling the nucleus of an atom in its customary orbit is energized — often by heat — and moves into a higher orbit.

The electrons in the hydrogen would be trapped and move up and down the bursting pulsar's intense magnetic field lines, but not across them.

Some of that current is lost, however, as moving electrons from the emitter drop into «holes» — places in the base where electrons are missing — releasing energy in the process.

The computer's performance has generally been improved through upgrades in digital semiconductor performance: shrinking the size of the semiconductor's transistors to ramp up transaction speed, packing more of them onto the chip to increase processing power, and even substituting silicon with compounds such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide, which allow electrons to move at a higher velocity.

WHIRL AWAY Electrons in platinum move in different directions depending on their spin when the metal is heated at one end.

Awschalom's team recently discovered an effect predicted 35 years ago, called the spin Hall effect: By introducing certain chemical defects into a semiconductor, electrons with opposite spins can be induced to move in opposite directions and line up on the sides of a chip.

I wanted to see the electrons move, not just to explain their motion by measuring a change of light transmission and reflection in the material,» said Prof Keshav Dani, leader of Unit.

José Sánchez - Dehesa and Daniel Torrent at the Polytechnic University of Valencia claim that the sound moves in the same way as electrons in graphene, with almost no losses (Physical Review Letters, DOI: 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.108.174301).

Dr. Michael Man, a postdoctoral fellow in Prof. Dani's Unit, combined the techniques of UV light pulses and electron microscopy in order to see electrons moving inside a solar cell.

Intrigued by the molecular details of how enzymes worked, he next joined the lab of Michael Toney, where he set out to understand how electrons and protons move during catalysis by analyzing how mutations in the enzyme's functional site affected the reaction mechanism.

By applying a magnetic field to semiconducting nanowires laid across a superconductor, you can move electrons along these wires, creating two points in space that each mimic half an electron.

They found they could capture the essential features of these complicated materials, containing vast numbers of interacting electrons, with just a single rule: Electrons can move randomly from one atom to another within a given sample, but they can only move electrons, with just a single rule: Electrons can move randomly from one atom to another within a given sample, but they can only move Electrons can move randomly from one atom to another within a given sample, but they can only move in pairs.

«For a new standard, you need current to be accurate to 1 part in a million, so that for every million electrons you move through in a second, you've got a million, not 1,000,001 or 999,999.»

Because the iron atoms in MCG -6-30-15 are moving, astronomers don't see the line right at 6.4 kilo - electron volts.

«This means that electrons in these systems can only move in two - dimensional planes,» explains Prof. Dr Selim Jochim of Heidelberg University's Institute for Physics, who heads the project.

In theory, electrons should move through these sheets with essentially no resistance.

But when the magnetic orientations of the wires point in opposite directions, electrons moving through the cluster from one wire to the other must quickly flip their spin.

Electrons can only move around in the high - energy conduction band.

APDs detect photons because when a photon strikes the top surface of the chip, its energy knocks an electron into an energy level in which it can move around freely.

The first experimental evidence of 3D NEC was discovered using the unique material iridium oxide, which belongs to a class of «correlated» materials in which electrons move in an orchestrated fashion.

As a read head moves above bits of magnetic data, changes in the magnetic orientation of those bits alter the electrical resistance of electrons flowing through the sensor, translating the magnetic data into a stream of electrical pulses.

Superconductivity occurs when electrons come together in a material in Cooper pairs that can move unimpeded through the material.

Electrons begin moving in circles in response to the magnetic field, as well as back and forth in reaction to the electric field — and the moving charges produce fields of their own.

Dawson is an expert on the interactions of lasers with plasma, the high - energy state of matter in which electrons are no longer bound in atoms, but move around independently of the positive ions they leave behind.

For example, turn on your digital camera to snap a picture of the setting sun and photons flying in through the lens make electrons move out from semiconductors located where the film would be in conventional cameras.

The challenge for the Duke team was to find the right shapes and dimensions for the metal circuitry on the metamaterials so they could precisely dictate how the electrons move around, which in turn controls how the incoming radiation is bent.

As the MMS team reports today in Science, instead of the turbulent swirling of electrons that some theorists had predicted, researchers found that the electrons moved in a more concerted way, meandering back and forth across the magnetopause.

The collective flipping of large numbers of metallic nanowire atoms, forced by a large number of electrons in the electric current, moves the domain wall — and the data bits it separates — along.

Unlike the other electrons in the material, which move about freely, the density wave is a periodic, fixed electron phase that seems to compete with and hinder the superconducting phase.

Less evident is the concept that electrons and atoms can move cooperatively to stop the flow of charge — or, in the other extreme, make electrons flow freely without resistance.

To achieve this the researchers took advantage of the manner in which Fe atoms move across the surface of graphene when irradiated by electrons in a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

The nanomaterial is composed of a single layer of carbon atoms linked in a hexagonal chicken - wire pattern, and all the atoms share a cloud of electrons moving freely about the surface.

Solar activity usually tends to increase the rate of ionization in the atmosphere and thus the density of free electrons in the ionosphere or to move electrons to the polar caps.

Another way is also possible: At a temperature of millions of degrees, the gas in the corona is highly ionized, that is, electrons are stripped off neutral atoms and move freely.

Much like in an old tube television where a beam of electrons moves over a phosphor screen to create images, the new microscopy technique works by scanning a beam of electrons over a sample that has been coated with specially engineered quantum dots.

In Friedman's spintronic circuit design, electrons moving through carbon nanotubes — essentially tiny wires composed of carbon — create a magnetic field that affects the flow of current in a nearby graphene nanoribbon, providing cascaded logic gates that are not physically connecteIn Friedman's spintronic circuit design, electrons moving through carbon nanotubes — essentially tiny wires composed of carbon — create a magnetic field that affects the flow of current in a nearby graphene nanoribbon, providing cascaded logic gates that are not physically connectein a nearby graphene nanoribbon, providing cascaded logic gates that are not physically connected.

In particular, if the wire were cooled to very close to absolute zero, -273 °C, electrons would pack together so closely that if one electron moved it would reduce the density of electrons locally.

Electrons moving through a crystal usually scatter when they hit an impurity, which slows their progress, but the topological effects in Hasan's tantalum arsenide crystals allow electrons to travel uElectrons moving through a crystal usually scatter when they hit an impurity, which slows their progress, but the topological effects in Hasan's tantalum arsenide crystals allow electrons to travel uelectrons to travel unimpeded.

«The very idea of using protons rather than electrons to move charge encounters intuitive resistance,» says John Roberts, an electrical engineer at Cambridge University in the U.K. «People know how to control electrons.

Much like in an old tube television where a beam of electrons moves over a phosphor screen to create images, the new technique works by scanning a beam of electrons over a sample that has been coated with the quantum dots.

«One of the graphene's special features is that the electrons move much faster than in most semiconductors used today.

This motion would be detected by measuring image charges, which are induced by the moving electrons, flowing through another electrode using a commercially available current amplifier and lock - in detector.

The electrons move by hopping from one atom to another, assuming new positions in the «potential» energy map as they do so.