When you transfer the brown butter to a new container, try to leave as
much of this sediment in the pan as possible.
But engineering of the river to make it better for shipping has caused
much of its sediment to flow into deep water.
Not exact matches
That analysis revealed telltale
sediment layers over
much of the gigantic canyon's basin.
They created a uniform layer
of gravel on the bed
of the flume and then began running water down it in increasing quantities, measuring how
much water was required to initiate
sediment motion.
The metals» solubility depends strongly on the amount
of oxygen present, so the amount and type
of those metals in ancient sedimentary rocks reflect how
much oxygen was in the water long ago, when the
sediments formed.
Walter mapped likely methane deposits across the region; quantified how
much methane, formed when permafrost melts, is bubbling out
of current lakes; and compared that with the amount emitted from methane - laden
sediments taken from ancient frozen lakes.
But the fossils from the Cerutti Mastodon site (as the site was named in recognition
of field paleontologist Richard Cerutti who discovered the site and led the excavation), were found embedded in fine - grained
sediments that had been deposited
much earlier, during a period long before humans were thought to have arrived on the continent.
The big question is how
much damage a quake
of that size could do to Bangladesh, which sits atop a layer
of sediment about 12 miles thick.
Oxygen from seawater permeated only the upper millimeter or so
of sediment, but the researchers noticed something happening
much deeper in the mud, more than a centimeter below, as if oxygen were available down there, as well.
Bowen and colleagues report that carbonate or limestone nodules in Wyoming
sediment cores show the global warming episode 55.5 million to 55.3 million years ago involved the average annual release
of a minimum
of 0.9 petagrams (1.98 trillion pounds)
of carbon to the atmosphere, and probably
much more over shorter periods.
Along with radiocarbon dating on charcoal remains from human - made fires, these analyses yielded a
much more precise estimate for the age
of sediments surrounding artifacts at various depths.
By looking at how concentrations
of chemical elements in the
sediment change with depth, the researchers can develop a continuous record
of how
much surface runoff poured into the lake.
Using detailed, ground - level data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Environmental Protection Agency, Cardenas and Kiel analyzed the waterways for sinuosity (how
much they bend and curve); the texture
of the materials along the waterways; the time spent in the
sediment (known as the hyporheic zone); and the rate at which the water flows through the
sediment.
«A mountainous and rocky setting is more characteristic
of not as
much ground shaking, opposed to abundant
sediments... where there's a potential for higher ground shaking,» he said.
And he points out that using layer thickness to measure Milankovitch cycles requires a risky assumption: that the rate
of sediment accumulation, which built these layers, did not change
much over 32 million years.
On a recent trip to Kathmandu, she documented very little damage to low - story buildings throughout
much of the city but identified a pattern
of intense shaking experienced at the edges
of the basin, on hilltops or in the foothills where
sediment meets the mountains.
By analyzing the
sediments, scientists can predict how
much coral and algae were present on mesophotic reef environment, this new information has important implications from interpreting ancient reef environments found in fossils, where the abundance
of diverse habitat forming species can not be analyzed visually.
«At some point there's so
much sediment that you exceed the maximum
of what waves can do,» Nienhuis says, «and then you become a «bird foot,» or river - dominated delta, because the river is so
much stronger.»
Not only is there a
much higher diversity
of microbes under the seafloor than originally thought, large and active populations exist
much deeper in the
sediments than was believed, the team reports 21 July in Nature.
Analysis
of the
sediment and groundwater showed that iron oxide and oxyhydroxide particles in both substances play a key role in regulating how
much tungsten is in the groundwater.
The researchers knew how
much oxygen should have diffused down into each section
of sediment from the seawater, so any «missing» oxygen meant microbes had consumed it.
Much of the countries mineral wealth is still hidden under a thick cover
of unconsolidated rock and soil,
sediments and igneous rocks.
Hence the continental crust phenomena are accepted as good evidence
of earlier ice ages when they are found in layers created
much earlier than the time range for which ice cores and ocean
sediment cores are available.
So it's not too
much of a stretch
of the imagination to think that those
sediments would still contain microorganisms that essentially don't care if a big column
of sea - water, or ice, is above them.»
Stukel and his colleagues examined one such front off the coast
of Santa Barbara, California and set
sediment traps to measure how
much carbon was being transported to the deep ocean in these areas.
So to sum up in simple terms, nearly ten times as
much creatine is needed in stipulated quantity
of water for
sediment or precipitate to form, the more is the likelihood
of that creatine nitrate to be more appetizing as compared to creatine monohydrate when consumed.
In «Temporal maps
of a non
sedimented land # 1,» Rocha Pitta causes desert soil in Argentina to spill over the edge
of a cliff,
much like sand in an hourglass.
There could be a lot
of hydrate in Arctic
sediments (it's not real well known how
much there is), but there is also lot
of carbon as organic matter frozen in the permafrost.
Storey and his fellow researchers propose that the puzzle
of the initial PETM warming can be explained by the release
of prodigious volumes
of carbon - 12 enriched methane as magma associated with the splitting
of Greenland from Europe heated and baked carbon - rich
sediments that fl oored
much of the region prior to the tectonic upheaval.
Has anyone commented that the past claims
of «shallow hydrates» would imply the presence about 50x as
much methane in the shallow
sediments — compared to methane in water or air or
sediment not in clathrate form?
CO2 not sole determinant
of ocean pH. The pH
of the ocean depends not only on atmospheric CO2 content, but also how
much time that CO2 has had to spread through the ocean and interact with carbonate
sediments, and how
much carbonate and silicate rock weathering has occured on land.
Liu, in his studies, believes that the Bermuda high has something to do with the strength
of hurricanes and how
much sediment they may deposit according to wind strength.
David, I havent been keeping up with all the PETM research, but I do recall that individual plankton recovered from Bass River, New Jersey show a single step CIE. Due to the high sedimentation rate
of coastal fluvial systems, Bass River
sediments are consistent with a
much shorter duration
of organic carbon release during the PETM (estimated as less than 500 years).
«Damming and diverting rivers means that
much less
sediment now reaches many delta areas, while extraction
of gas and groundwater also lowers the land.»
The thickness
of the
sediment layer is a result
of temperature, but also how
much rain fell during the summer that changed the melt rate
of the snow and ice.
Rather, excess CO2 returns toward baseline at a multitude a different rates, with chemical equilibration in the ocean occurring over decades (depending on depth), ocean carbonate buffering through
sediment dissolution requiring centuries to millennia, and eventual restoration
of carbonate
sediment levels by terrestrial weathering occurring over hundreds
of thousands
of years — a long «tail» that can account for as
much as 20 to 40 percent
of CO2 excess in the estimates described by David Archer et al in CO2 Atmospheric Lifetimes.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8266500.stm Damming and diverting rivers means that
much less
sediment now reaches many delta areas, while extraction
of gas and groundwater also lowers the land.
Research indicates that the Arctic had substantially less sea ice during this period compared to present Current desert regions
of Central Asia were extensively forested due to higher rainfall, and the warm temperate forest belts in China and Japan were extended northwards West African
sediments additionally record the «African Humid Period», an interval between 16,000 and 6,000 years ago when Africa was
much wetter due to a strengthening
of the African monsoon While there do not appear to have been significant temperature changes at most low latitude sites, other climate changes have been reported.
The research, published in July 2013 in the journal Nature, concerns data collected from marine
sediments comprising
much (5.3 - 3.3 million years ago)
of the Pliocene Series (spanning 5.3 - 2.588 million years ago) off the coast
of East Antarctica.
It is
much like those satellite pictures that show the
sediment load
of rivers entering the clear dark waters
of the deep ocean.
The
sediment coring and analysis by Donnelly and his colleagues «is really nice work because it gives us a
much longer period perspective on hurricanes,» said Kerry Emanuel, a professor
of atmospheric science at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology in Cambridge.
Scientists can take
sediment cores from the bottom
of a glacier - fed lake to see how
much silt and organic material settled to the lake bottom over time, along with other indicators
of a changing climate.
Yet in 2014, the GBRMA approved a permit for a state - owned coal terminal operator to dump as
much as 3 million cubic meters
of dredged mud and
sediment inside the park.
This has never happened before because the sea ice never retreated very
much in the summer and the water temperature could not rise above zero because
of the ice cover... The permafrost is acting as a cap for a very large amount
of methane (CH4), which is sitting in the
sediments underneath in the form
of methane hydrates.
However, the separation
of char from soot has rarely been applied in paleoclimate studies using
sediment analysis,
much less in investigations
of long - term records
of paleo - fires.
The ice is 200 meters or 600 feet thick and it is not trivial to drill through that
much ice, but it can be done, and the British Antarctic Survey is aboard with a team
of experts to do so to get
sediment cores from the bottom below the ice:
The carbon loss occurred first through the removal
of the original vegetation, which stored
much carbon in its leaves, stems and trunks; then through the oxidation
of carbon in newly exposed soils; and finally through increased soil erosion, which carried away
much of the organic - rich
sediment during flooding.
Thirty years ago when
much of the research involved deep - sea
sediment cores (fossils and chemistry) with millennial - scale intervals, there wasn't
much data available to calculate meaningful confidence intervals.
Much of the color likely comes from resuspended
sediment dredged up from the sea floor in shallow waters.
Warming bottom waters in deeper parts
of the ocean, where surface
sediment is
much colder than freezing and the hydrate stability zone is relatively thick, would not thaw hydrates near the
sediment surface, but downward heat diffusion into the
sediment column would thin the stability zone from below, causing basal hydrates to decompose, releasing gaseous methane.