Sentences with word «mutualistic»

Nature abounds with examples of mutualistic relationships.

From their experiments, the researchers developed a simple model to predict the type of mutualistic relationship that would develop between the two strains, given how their populations changed over time.

Such mutualistic associations, where both host and symbiont evolve to accommodate one another abound in the history of life.

But many species have mutualistic interactions with multiple partners, leading to complex networks of interacting species.

«Such mutualistic relationships are much more complex than previously thought.

In 1999, he published the first description of Sodalis, a genus of bacteria that are now known to have been adopted independently as mutualistic partners in a wide range of insect hosts.

In a very short period of time, Burkepile noted, humans have short - circuited the tight recycling of nutrients between mutualistic species, and this in turn has changed the balance of how such partners interact.

What's more, such mutualistic relations tend to break down in more «benign» environments, such as nutrient - rich conditions, in which each species isn't required to rely solely on the other to survive.

Members of the bean family (legumes) and some other kinds of plants form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with nitrogen fixing bacteria.

They found that in nutrient - poor conditions, both strains did better together than they did alone, forming more mutualistic relationships in which each strain depended heavily on the other.

We conducted a series of observations and experiments to test whether weta form mutualistic partnerships with fleshy - fruited plants as seed dispersers, similar to small mammals elsewhere in the world.

«Understanding the coevolving web of life as a network: New study exploring how mutualistic species coevolve suggests rapid environmental change can destabilize networks of interacting species.»

Analysis of the surfaces of the leaves revealed that the number of plant pathogens as well as of necrotic plant tissues increased considerably when mutualistic Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus ants were absent.

Detailed analysis of the bacterial composition on the surfaces of the leaves suggested that the presence of mutualistic ants changed the bacterial populations and reduced harmful pathogens.

«While this ant - plant mutualistic interaction has been well - studied, our research showed that this keystone interaction is even more intricate than previously thought,» said Prior.

«There's a general idea that more challenging environments favor mutualistic type interactions,» Gore says.

He and other researchers investigate the question of how insects find mutualistic bacterial partners and strike up a successful relationship.

Mutualistic bacteria start out by invading animal cells just like malevolent disease - causing bacteria do.

Through molecular clock analyses, which combine genome - scale molecular data with fossil calibrations, the team could work backwards to estimate when saprotrophic and mutualistic lineages last shared common ancestors based on the amount of divergence.

«We observe giant moray eels and coral groupers — two distantly related species — foraging in a truly mutualistic and cooperative fashion,» Gregg says.

Boomsma, who also wrote an essay on the amoebae in the same issue of Nature, noted that it is «a fascinating finding because the Dictyostelium - bacterial symbiosis is evidently driven by mutualistic advantages, despite the obvious risks of bacterial exploitation of the dispersal opportunities provided by the hosts.»

Aphids belonging to one of these morphs — green and with a bulbous appearance — have a conventional mutualistic relationship with ants.

These microbes form close, often mutualistic, associations with their plant hosts.

Among mutualistic species, natural selection favors, for example, plants that are better at attracting pollinating insects and flower - visiting insects that are better at extracting pollen and nectar from flowers.

With rapid environmental change, then, environments may change faster than species can adapt within large mutualistic networks.

With slow environmental change, the indirect effects of species on the evolution of other species may help mutualistic interactions persist over long periods of time.

Finally, when the researchers added the highest concentration of nutrients to the strains, they observed that the yeast's previously mutualistic relationship completely broke down: The strains were both worse off growing together, with one strain outcompeting the other for nutrients, eventually driving the weaker strain to extinction.

Mutualistic pairs such as clownfish and anemones, or, similarly, ants and acacia trees, may be sufficiently different in their nutritional requirements that they would likely not end up in complete collapse.

In laboratory experiments, Gore and his colleagues studied the interactions between normally mutualistic strains of yeast that cross-feed, each producing a needed amino acid for the other.

Interestingly, as the amount of nutrients gradually increased, the relationship between the strains, originally mutualistic, transitioned through multiple phases before devolving into competition, and even extinction of one partner.

This also suggests that such complex mutualistic interactions may be the natural norm outside of the laboratory.»

It has been theorized that, when reefs become warm and eutrophic, mutualistic Symbiodinium sequester more resources for their own growth, thus parasitizing their hosts of nutrition.

One of the most ecologically and economically important mutualistic interactions on Earth is the symbiotic relationship between legumes and nitrogen - fixing rhizobial bacteria.

In 2015, the Spencer Foundation created a Research - Practice Partnership (RPP) grant program with the aim of supporting existing mutualistic and long - term partnerships to help them build capacity for current and future work together.

These results suggest that cats may have played a variety of roles in the settlement, ranging from mutualistic hunters and scavengers to encouraged animals or even pets.

Mutualistic domesticatory relationships between people and cats ultimately resulted in population expansion and humanly facilitated dispersal of cats across the world.

The majority of plants have fungi associated with their root systems in a kind of mutualistic symbiosis known as mycorrhiza; an important function of this type of symbiosis is the enhancement of phosphorus uptake.

Jeremijenko — who's known for her work in combining technology with ecology for a «mutualistic systems design» approach, ultimately creating what she calls an «eco-mindshift» — is posing the question of how would our relationship to nature change if we apply to it the same rules that we live by?

Beetles bore into the phloem of the trees, creating tunnels in the secondary phloem and deposit their eggs, simultaneously allowing the entry of mutualistic fungi, which can disrupt the vascular system of the trees with their hyphae, leading to tree morality (Horntvedt et al. [1983]; Franceschi et al. [2005]; Raffa et al. [2008]-RRB-.

«What we concluded from this study is that classifying these interactions as parasitic or mutualistic maybe is not so correct, because sometimes these interactions can be quite complex.»

But current research suggests that some are quite mutualistic, indeed an essential part of our emotional and nervous system, broadly understood, for both bad and good.

Further, it is non-progressive for the judiciary to feel they can not discuss parliamentary matters when we now live in an organic mutualistic society.

However, according to a new study by UC Santa Barbara researchers Deron Burkepile and Andrew Shantz, excess nutrient input — or nutrient pollution — creates an imbalance in the interactions between partner — also known as mutualistic — species across a variety of ecosystems.

«But it's possible that selfishness happened first, and over time, some of these species coevolved to become more mutualistic.»

In return for room and board, mutualistic Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus ants become bodyguards, protecting their host against herbivores and competing plants.

Intriguingly, the leaves of acacia colonized by parasitic ants showed more leaf damage from herbivores and microbial pathogens than did the leaves that had mutualistic ants.

In a paper published October 18 in the journal Nature, a group of ecologists and evolutionary biologists from five universities has attempted to understand how species coevolve within large webs of mutualistic species.

Because acacia leaves are touched mainly by ants» legs, she extracted the legs of mutualistic and parasitic ants and tested the effect of the extracts on the growth of bacterial pathogens in the lab.

Dale proposes that mutualistic relationships between insects and bacteria arise as a consequence of bacteria using insects as vectors (taxis) to travel between other plant and animal hosts that they infect in the environment.

Now scientists at MIT have found that such mutualistic relationships aren't always set in stone.