This was the case in a challenge to enforcement brought under article V (1)(c) before the Supreme People's Court of China, which found that one of the respondents named in the award was
not a party to the arbitration agreement.
Courts can have jurisdiction over people who aren't parties to an arbitration agreement but who may be necessary to grant full relief or who have a stake in the outcome.
However, the working group found a consensus that «the risk of multiple proceedings or conflicting decisions should not outweigh the risk that parties wishing to avoid their commitment to arbitrate, or to delay or disrupt arbitral proceedings, might commence an action which includes claims that are both within and without the scope of the arbitration agreement or unnecessarily names persons who are
not parties to the arbitration agreement for tactical reasons.»
Finally, Macintosh J. stayed proceedings against all the defendants who were
not parties to the arbitration agreement.
Not exact matches
You and Velocity Micro agree that any claim, dispute, or controversy, whether in contract, tort or otherwise, and whether pre-existing, present or future, and including statutory, common law, intentional tort and equitable claims («Dispute») against Velocity Micro, its employees, agents, successors, assigns or affiliates arising from, in connection with, or relating
to this
Agreement, its interpretation, or the breach, termination, or validity thereof, the relationships which result from this
Agreement (including,
to the full extent permitted by applicable law, relationships with third
parties who are
not signatories
to this
Agreement), Velocity Micro's advertising or any related purchase SHALL BE RESOLVED, EXCLUSIVELY AND FINALLY, BY BINDING
ARBITRATION ADMINISTERED BY THE AMERICAN
ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION under its Code of Procedure then in effect.
The
parties agree that any and all disputes, claims or controversies arising out of or relating
to the
Agreement, its interpretation, performance, or breach, that are
not resolved by informal negotiation within 30 days (or any mutually agreed extension of time), shall be submitted
to final and binding
arbitration before a single arbitrator of the American
Arbitration Association («AAA») in Los Angeles, California, or its successor.
GOVERNING LAW: This
agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Kenya, and any litigation necessary
to resolve disputes between the
parties shall be filled in the courts located in Kenya, where such a dispute can
not be solved through
arbitration.
The court reasoned that the wording of the
arbitration agreement had
not made it clear that the
parties regarded the venue as critically important.898 The courts of the United States have similarly considered that the «appropriate standard of review would be
to set aside an award based on a procedural violation only if such violation caused substantial prejudice
to the complaining
party.»
It enables the courts of a Contracting State
to refuse recognition and enforcement where the constitution of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was
not in accordance with the
agreement of the
parties or, in the absence of an
agreement, with the law of the country where the
arbitration took place.
The court ultimately rejected this challenge because the arbitral award, though mentioning other
parties who were
not bound by the
arbitration agreement, did
not make any award in their favour or any determination with respect
to the rights of those
parties.820
Under the Convention, the choice of a place of
arbitration by the
parties is
not to be construed as an
agreement to adopt the procedural rules of that jurisdiction.
For instance, in a 1968 case, a Swiss court refused
to issue an enforcement order on the grounds that the arbitral tribunal had
not complied with the
agreement of the
parties that «all disputes should be settled in one and the same arbitral proceedings» and instead conducted the
arbitration in two stages.904 In a 2001 case, the Italian Supreme Court enforced a first award but
not a second award made with respect
to the same dispute.
Parties have brought successful challenges
to enforcement of arbitral awards under article V (1)(c) in several jurisdictions on the grounds that the arbitral award addressed a
party that was
not bound by the
arbitration agreement.
One commentator has suggested that a failure
to comply with the
parties»
agreement should
not constitute a ground for refusal under article V (1)(d), where such failure is justified by the obligation
to comply with the mandatory rules of the place of the
arbitration.871 Other authors have argued that it should be assumed that the
parties» intention was
to be bound by an
agreement that is valid at the place of
arbitration, and that the reference
to «
agreement of the
parties» must therefore be understood within the limits of the mandatory rules of the forum.872
An Italian court upheld a challenge where the
parties»
agreement that the tribunal should constitute a specific number of arbitrators was
not followed, and noted that the composition of the tribunal would also have been invalid according
to the laws of the place of the
arbitration.886
Courts have also applied article V (1)(c) in the context of multiparty
arbitrations to exclude from enforcement portions of an award which address a
party not bound by the
arbitration agreement, but enforce the award with respect
to the remaining
parties.
The Court of Appeal of England and Wales considered a challenge
to enforcement under article V (1)(c) on the basis that the award addressed
parties who were
not bound by the
arbitration agreement.
Yet,
parties may
not immediately be cognisant that in entering into such an
arbitration agreement that adopts the said institutional rules, they may well be taken
to have waived their right
to appeal on questions of law insofar as domestic
arbitrations are concerned.
As one United States court observed, «[u] nder the New York Convention, we examine whether the award exceeds the scope of the [
arbitration agreement],
not whether the award exceeds the scope of the
parties» pleadings».803 This interpretation of article V (1)(c) which distinguishes the
parties» pleadings or prayers for relief from the «submission
to arbitration» referred
to in article V (1)(c), is consistent with a narrow interpretation of the grounds for refusal
to recognize or enforce an award.
43.1 (1) At any time on or after the day that is 45 days after the Minister makes an appointment under subsection 43 (5), if the
parties have
not entered into a collective
agreement, either
party may apply
to the Board
to direct the settlement of a first collective
agreement by mediation -
arbitration.
- The effect of the mediation
agreement is clarified in the new rules by providing in Article 2 that «Unless the
parties have agreed otherwise, an
agreement to mediate pursuant
to these Rules does
not constitute a bar
to court proceedings or a bar
to initiate
arbitration».
(9) If the
parties do
not jointly appoint a mediator - arbitrator within the seven - day period, either
party may apply
to the Board
to settle the first collective
agreement by mediation -
arbitration.
Summary: The appellant alleged that a binding
arbitration agreement did
not exist between the
parties and that the case should therefore be remanded
to the district court for decision.
2014 has started with a bang from an
arbitration perspective with the decision in S v S [2014] EWHC 7 (Fam), [2014] All ER (D) 63 (Jan), involving the conversion of an
arbitration award
to a financial consent order and comments from Sir James Munby that «an arbitral award is surely of its nature even stronger than a simple
agreement between the
parties» and «the judge will
not need
to play the detective unless something leaps off the page
to indicate that something has gone so seriously wrong in the arbitral process as fundamentally
to vitiate the arbitral award».
In general,
agreements signed by both
parties concerning
arbitration are valid under both the law of India and the law of Japan, and do
not have
to be notarized.
However, although
arbitrations are generally private,
parties would be wise
not to consider them confidential, absent a confidentiality
agreement.
Mediation /
Arbitration (Med / Arb) is a two - step process whereby the
parties first engage in mediation and continue on
to arbitration if they can
not reach a voluntary
agreement.
After considering the
arbitration agreement as a whole, the Court determined that the
parties did
not intend
to retain any rights of appeal.
An
arbitration clause in a construction contract can take many forms, from a simple statement that the
parties agree
to refer any dispute arising between them
to arbitration,
to a detailed clause containing
not only the
agreement of the
parties to arbitrate disputes, but also setting out how the arbitrator is
to be appointed and the procedures
to be used by the
parties in the process.
The
Arbitration Act itself specifically provides that Courts are
not to interfere in disputes covered by an
arbitration agreement other than for the limited purposes of assisting in the conduct of
arbitrations, ensuring that they are conducted in accordance with
arbitration clauses,
to prevent unequal or unfair treatment of
parties to arbitration clauses, and
to enforce
arbitration awards.
Given the language of the collective
agreement and the Protocol, it is
not a reasonable conclusion that the
parties intended
to give an unlimited discretion
to the
arbitration board
to develop a new workload and compensation scheme
to apply
to the return
to work after the strike on a case by case basis and
to have that system operate in conjunction with the rules in Article 11 applicable
to the «normal workload.»
The arbitral tribunal may, at the request of any
party, allow one or more third persons
to be joined in the
arbitration as a
party provided such person is a
party to the
arbitration agreement, unless the arbitral tribunal finds, after giving all
parties, including the person or persons
to be joined, the opportunity
to be heard, that joinder should
not be permitted because of prejudice
to any of those
parties.
Entering an
arbitration agreement entails
not only a positive right
to refer disputes
to arbitration, but also a negative obligation on contracting
parties not to bring proceedings in any other forum.
Parties who have a potential claim against Nakheel or one of its subsidiaries, where there is no binding
arbitration agreement, need
to consider whether or
not to issue proceedings in the Special Tribunal before Nakheel is carved out from Dubai World.
For
arbitration cases where mediation might be useful, the
parties can employ what is called «blended mediation /
arbitration,» in which the third -
party neutral acts initially as the mediator
to see if the
parties can reach an
agreement on many disputes and then acts as the arbitrator, deciding the disputes the
parties can
not agree upon.
According
to the Polish
arbitration law (based on the UNCITRAL Model Law), an
arbitration agreement does
not deprive the
parties of the right
to apply
to a Polish court for interim relief.
When a contract between the
parties states that the JW Commercial
Arbitration Rules will be used
to resolve disputes between the
parties, or a contract provides for disputes
to be resolved through
arbitration by JW without specifying the rules
to be utilized, or a contract does
not state how disputes will be resolved and the
parties agree
to modify their
agreement to provide for
arbitration by JW, or two or more
parties without a written contract between them agree
to submit their dispute for resolution through
arbitration by JW, then these Rules, with any written modifications agreed
to by the
parties and approved by the arbitrator, will apply.
Interestingly, the Advocate General ranged much more broadly in reaching the same conclusion, stating that these limitations on the review of international arbitral awards were «contrary
to the principle of effectiveness of EU law», «(
n) o system can accept infringements of its most fundamental rules making up its public policy, irrespective of whether or
not those infringements are flagrant or obvious» and «one or more
parties to agreements which might be regarded as anticompetitive can
not put these
agreements beyond the reach of review under Articles 101 TFEU and 102 TFEU by resorting
to arbitration» (AG Op § § 58, 67 and 72).
In Hyundai Merchant Marine Company Limited v Americas Bulk Transport [2013] EWHC 470 (Comm), the High Court held that both the
parties» main
agreement and
arbitration agreement were invalid because they were subject
to conditions precedent, which had
not been satisfied.
As indicated above, the court has the power
to remove an arbitrator on several grounds, including: (i) justifiable doubts as
to his impartiality; (ii) the fact an arbitrator does
not possess the qualifications required by the
parties»
arbitration agreement; (iii) physical or mental incapability; or (iv) failures in conducting the proceedings (section 24 (1)(a)
to (d)-RRB-.
The insurance company is
not a
party to the collective
agreement, so grievance
arbitration is
not available.
For instance, a clause might
not be considered an
arbitration agreement under the 1996 Act if it does
not permit the arbitrator
to make decisions that are binding on the
parties (Turville Heath Inc v Chartis Insurance UK Ltd [2012] EWHC 3019 (TCC)-RRB-.
Where the
arbitration agreement does
not include these elements, the default provisions of the 1996 Act provide detailed procedures, designed
to enable
parties to use and enforce
arbitration agreements in circumstances where the
agreements themselves provide little practical assistance.
The court is also entitled
to stay court proceedings under its inherent jurisdiction where the requirements of section 9 of the 1996 Act are
not satisfied — for instance, where there is a dispute whether the
parties have entered into a binding
arbitration agreement or whether the dispute falls within the scope of the
arbitration agreement (see A v B [2006] EWHC 2006 (Comm)-RRB-.
An application under section 9 is
not the only means by which a
party can seek
to restrain court proceedings allegedly brought in breach of an
arbitration agreement.
By way of example only (and
not by limitation), if the
parties do
not agree on whether a particular Dispute is subject
to arbitration under this
arbitration agreement, the proper tribunal
to decide such Dispute is the United States District Court (for the appropriate district, as provided above) or, absent subject matter jurisdiction in that United States District Court, in the appropriate state court (as described above).
Parties would
not likely turn their minds
to this possibility in advance of the
arbitration; it would be difficult or impossible
to get any
agreement after the fact, if it does happen.
A court should
not permit
parties to avoid
arbitration agreements by naming related
parties, but
not the signatory of the contract, as defendants.
Section 45 (1) of the Ontario
Arbitration Act, 1991 provides that, if the
arbitration agreement does
not deal with appeals on questions of law, a
party may appeal an award
to the court on a question of law with leave, which the court shall grant only if it is satisfied that (a) the importance
to the
parties of the matters at stake in the
arbitration justifies an appeal; and (b) determination of the question of law at issue will significantly affect the rights of the
parties.
When the first instance court makes a ruling which relates
to the validity of an
arbitration agreement relating
not to accept,
to reject a filing or objection
to jurisdiction, and a
party disagrees with the ruling and appeals, the specialized trial division of the second instance court should handle it.