Sentences with phrase «nanometers in»

The H2SO4 can then condense together with water vapor (and perhaps organic compounds and / or ammonia) to form a stable cluster of molecules: A new particle is typically 1 - 2 nanometers in diameter.

With a wee diameter of 1 to 100 nanometers in size, many have been the concerns raised about their potential impact on health and the environment.

Specifically, Cagin and his partners from the University of Houston have found that a certain type of piezoelectric material can covert energy at a 100 percent increase when manufactured at a very small size — in this case, around 21 nanometers in thickness.

Until the paper appeared, such particles (less than 50 nanometers in diameter) were thought to be too small to influence cloud formation.

Scientists in the UK have developed created a prototype device that features pixels just 30 x 30 nanometers in size.

Non-nanotized (commercial designation above 150 nanometers in diameter) coated zinc oxide and titanium dioxide don't readily exhibit acute toxicities.

Noncoated nanoparticles (less than 35 nanometers in diameter) of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide (referred to as «mineral - based» sunscreens) can be toxic to corals, fish and other reef organisms.

If you are interested in supplementing with liposomal vitamin C, natural health experts recommend opting for a formula that contains phosphatidylcholine, with the liposomes under 300 nanometers in diameter.

For maximum benefit, look for a formula that contains phosphatidylcholine, with the liposomes under 300 nanometers in diameter or a high - quality (Non-GMO) powder.

The solution was then hit with ultrasound, which forced the liquid metal to burst into nanoscale droplets approximately 100 nanometers in diameter.

NIST recently issued Reference Material (RM) 8027, the smallest known reference material ever created for validating measurements of these man - made, ultrafine particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size.

In water solution, the combination of DNA, which is attracted to water molecules, and lipids, which are repelled by water, causes the Y units to self - assemble into hollow spheres from 100 to 5,000 nanometers in diameter, consisting of multiple layers of DNA, lipid and cargo.

From the mid-1980s on progress in nanometer - scale science and technology exploded, and the term nanotechnology was appropriated by researchers, media, businesses, and funding agencies to refer to any technology in which control of the structure of matter on a scale of nanometers to tens of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers in at least one dimension enabled unique phenomena and novel applications.

Since the high pressure produced by the laser only lasts a split second, the resulting diamonds are extremely small — only nanometers in size.

However, the panel also said it was possible that primitive microbes could once have been as small as 50 nanometers in diameter.

In 1990, Folk discovered bacteria - like structures about 100 nanometers in size in Italian hot - spring deposits.

In the experiment, researchers coated the metallic particles with a layer of reactive molecules and focused the ALS - produced infrared light onto the tiny tip (25 nanometers in its diameter) of the atomic force microscope.

The method described in this new study simplifies the bijel process by first using specially coated particles about 10 - 20 nanometers in diameter.

The COF colloids are nanoparticles (approximately 50 nanometers in diameter, roughly the size of a virus) made from any number of building blocks in a predictable way.

The particles can be quite small — nanometers in diameter.

The silica - spun FMS pores, hexagons about 30 nanometers in diameter, mimic the crowding of cells.

To improve the technique, they focused on gold nanoparticles — spheres only 20 nanometers in diameter, more than 300 times smaller than a human blood cell.

In the study, Davis and his colleagues examined gastric tumors from nine human patients both before and after infusion with a drug — camptothecin — that was chemically bound to nanoparticles about 30 nanometers in size.

The laser shining through the silver surface defines an area, approximately 250 nanometers in diameter, where chemical imaging was performed.

After a series of transformations, the organic template forms an array of well - defined spherical micelles several nanometers in diameter.

The team «wrote» on the membranes with an AFM probe in water to create a series of peptoid - free linear gaps tens of nanometers in width and several nanometers to micrometers in length.

Exomeres clock in at less than 50 nanometers in diameter, compared with small exosomes (Exo - S), which range from 60 to 80 nanometers in diameter, and large exosomes (Exo - L), which are 90 to 120 nanometers in diameter.

The process created small crystalline regions that are only a few nanometers in size, with hints of structure, which researchers believe are key to the material's ability to withstand stress.

The molecule itself measures 1.4 nanometers in length.

Nanoparticles, which range from 1 - 100 nanometers in size, are roughly the same size as biomolecules such as proteins, antibodies, and membrane receptors.

«This way we can precisely design objects in the computer that are merely a few nanometers in size.»

These particles, 1 to 100 nanometers in size, are made from a wide variety and combination of elements.

Researchers are hoping that other shapes, such a flexible, wormlike nanoparticle that is 80 nanometers in diameter and 500 nanometers long, will perform even better.

The research, published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS), indicates that rod - shaped particles (150 nanometers in diameter by 450 nanometers long) penetrated human cells about four times faster and traveled farther into the cells than particles with more balanced dimensions (such as 200 nanometers by 200 nanometers).

(A MNS is typically 10 to 15 nanometers in diameter; one nanometer is one billionth of a meter.)

«The metal colloids are only a few nanometers in size, but their particular ratio of size to surface area produces a distinctive long - term effect.

«We have demonstrated that we have low uptake in the kidneys of animals of our 200 - nanometer diameter cylindrical particles that are 200 nanometers in height,» DeSimone says, adding that it's not yet clear exactly why shape affects uptake in kidneys.

The researchers experimented with glass etched with nanograss structures from 0.8 to 8.5 microns in height with «blades» each measuring a few hundred nanometers in diameter.

And the magnetic structures found in hard drives measure just 10 to 20 nanometers across — less than a flu virus at 80 to 120 nanometers in diameter.

Beard's team found a way to make several holes with one photon using quantum dots — tiny chunks of semiconducting material between 2 and 10 nanometers in size.

Focusing the machine's full output into a spot of only 100 nanometers in size, the team generated an X-ray beam with intensity equivalent to all of the sun's radiation that is striking Earth's surface but concentrated in an area with the diameter of a human hair.

In recent years Lin's team devised a method to produce particles that are all between 20 and 40 nanometers in size (a nanometer is one - billionth of a meter), a range best able to elude macrophages.

The researchers placed particles of gold ranging in diameter from 15 to 30 nanometers in a fluid suspension within a thin chamber located between two electrodes.

The concern: whether there's a risk these microscopic particles, measuring up to 100 nanometers in length (a nanometer is 40 millionths of an inch), can enter the lungs of chemical workers and become lodged in tissue there and in their throats.

Hiroshi Handa of the Tokyo Institute of Technology and his colleagues developed tiny magnetic beads — just 200 nanometers in diameter — that can be attached to drugs and other compounds.

The wavelength of light encountering a single meta - atom is 500 nanometers from peak to peak, or five times the length of Gao and Yang's specially designed meta - atoms, which are 100 nanometers in length.

The haze results from chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere, where ultraviolet radiation from the sun ionizes nitrogen and methane, which react to form tiny hydrocarbon particles tens of nanometers in diameter.

The particles average between 30 and 40 nanometers in size.

Before experimenting with contaminated water, the group used water mixed with red ink particles ranging from 70 to 500 nanometers in size.

For sufficiently large currents, this setup will allow the creation of a skyrmion of 10 - 20 nanometers in size, underneath the nanocontact.