The four distinguishing characteristics of the spirals are: (a) they have more orderly, rotational motion than random motion (the rotation refers to the disk as a whole and means that the star orbits are closely confined to
a narrow range of angles and are fairly circular); (b) they have some or a lot of gas and dust between the stars; (c) this means they can have new star formation occuring in the disk, particularly in the spiral arms; and (d) they have a spiral structure.
Previous work had demonstrated ways
of selectively reflecting light except for one precise
angle, but those approaches were limited to a
narrow range of colors
of light.