These include a hypoplastic trachea (a malformation of the tracheal cartilage rings leading to
narrowing of the airway), stenotic nares (which means the
nostrils are
pinched and
narrow), everted laryngeal saccules (a condition where the soft tissue located in front of the vocal cords becomes swollen and inflamed) and an elongated soft palate, all of which can contribute to increased respiratory effort and noise.