While the Earth's atmosphere has seen higher levels of carbon dioxide than it does now, as well as higher temperatures and far greater sea levels, those instances were due to
natural drivers of climate change, such as periodic variations in the planet's orbit and in solar energy output.
This brochure briefly discusses the human and
natural drivers of climate change, direct observations of recent climate change, projections of future changes in climate, and climate change and desertification.
Over the period the known
natural drivers of climate have been flat or slightly negative, which leaves just 2 possibilities: some as yet undiscovered natural cause or that, as the IPCC conclude, the dominant factor was anthropogenic forcing from increased greenhouse gas concentrations, which are after all, at least 35 % higher than at any time in the last 600K years.
Natural drivers of climate can not explain the recent observed warming.
When models only include
natural drivers of climate change, such as natural variability and volcanic eruptions, they can not reproduce the recent increase in temperature.
These are estimates, and what they are based on is unclear, since we do not understand all
the natural drivers of climate.
Solar irradiance variations are sometimes assumed to be the most likely
natural driver of climate change.
Not exact matches
In the spring
of 2014, Koonin's drafting committee produced a statement that attributed equal weight to human influences and
natural variability as a
driver of climate change, according to a source who declined to be named.
«This is the strongest evidence from fossils that the main
driver of this extinction event was the after - effects
of a huge asteroid impact, rather than a slower decline caused by
natural changes to the
climate or by severe volcanism stressing global environments.»
Simulating
natural and humanmade
climate drivers, scientists showed that the decline in rainfall is primarily a response to humanmade increases in greenhouse gases as well as a thinning
of the ozone caused by humanmade aerosol emissions.
But none
of these
natural climate drivers reproduced the long - term observed drying, indicating this trend is due to human activity.
The model also accounted for
natural drivers of change, including the direct influence
of increased carbon dioxide on ocean - carbon uptake and the indirect effect that a changing
climate has on the physical state
of the ocean and its relationship to atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis, the report of Working Group I, «assesses the current scientific knowledge of the natural and human drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis, the report
of Working Group I, «assesses the current scientific knowledge
of the
natural and human
drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
climate change, observed changes in
climate, the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
climate, the ability
of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections for future
climate change.
climate change.»
NEWS:
Climate change rather than
natural causes is the main
driver of state's glacier loss, which is set to speed up, US scientists say
The session explores regional integration
of records and dynamic modeling to: (1) understand better the nature
of climate - human - ecosystem interactions; (2) quantify the roles
of different
natural and anthropogenic
drivers in forcing environmental change; (3) examine the feedbacks between anthropogenic activity and the
natural system and; (4) provide integrated datasets for model development and data - model comparisons.
This 2018 Land Rover Discovery HSE Luxury is proudly offered by Baker Motor Company
of Charleston This Land Rover includes: 360 PARKING AID W / VISUAL DISPLAY Rear Parking Aid FULL LENGTH BLACK ROOF RAILS 7 SEAT LUXURY
CLIMATE COMFORT PACKAGE Multi-Zone A / C Seat - Massage Cooled Rear Seat (s) Heated Rear Seat (s) Cooled Front Seat (s) A / C Seat Memory Power Passenger Seat Power
Driver Seat Heated Front Seat (s) Pass - Through Rear Seat Bucket Seats DRIVE PRO PACKAGE Lane Departure Warning Lane Keeping Assist Brake Assist Adaptive Cruise Control Blind Spot Monitor Cruise Control Cross-Traffic Alert SANTORINI BLACK METALLIC TRAILER HITCH W / ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR Tow Hitch VISION ASSIST PACKAGE Back - Up Camera FRONT CENTER CONSOLE COOLER COMPARTMENT WHEELS: 22 5 SPLIT - SPOKE Tires - Front Performance Aluminum Wheels Tires - Rear Performance FULL - SIZE SPARE WHEEL Conventional Spare Tire
NATURAL CHARCOAL OAK VENEER Woodgrain Interior Trim EBONY HEADLINING * Note - For third party subscriptions or services, please contact the dealer for more information.
The Specs Type
of vehicle All - wheel - drive, mid-sized SUV Engine 230 - hp 2.5 L DOHC supercharged four - cylinder with electric motor Power 250 net hp; 243 lb - ft
of torque Transmission Continuously variable Brakes Four - wheel disc with ABS Tires P235 / 55R20 (optional) Price (base / as tested) $ 53,950 / $ 62,950 Destination charge $ 1,995
Natural Resources Canada fuel economy (L / 100 km) 7.6 city, 6.9 highway Standard features Auto on / off bi-xenon headlights, leather seats, eight - way power
driver's seat, heated front seats and steering wheel, cruise control, dual - zone automatic
climate control, rear - zone
climate control, 60 / 40 - split folding second - row bench seat, 50 / 50 - split folding third - row seat, power door locks, windows and mirrors, push - button start, speed - sensitive windshield wipers, Bose premium audio system with satellite radio and 13 speakers, steering wheel audio controls, rear - view monitor, hard - drive navigation system, Infiniti Connection telematics system, around - view monitor with moving object detection and front and rear sonar system Options Technology package ($ 3,500), includes backup collision intervention, intelligent brake assist with forward collision warning, blind spot warning and intervention, lane departure warning; Deluxe Touring package ($ 3,200), includes 20 - inch aluminum wheels, Bose surround - sound audio system with 15 speakers, panoramic sunroof; Theatre package ($ 2,300), includes dual seven - inch colour monitors and two wireless headphones
of torque @ 4,400 rpm Transmission Continuously variable Brakes Four - wheel disc with ABS Tires P225 / 60R18 Price (base / as tested) $ 28,495 / $ 38,895 Destination charge $ 1,650
Natural Resources Canada fuel economy (L / 100 km) 12.0 city, 8.6 highway Standard features (Limited) Voice - activated, in - dash GPS navigation system with seven - inch, AM / FM / CD / MP3 / WMA, SMS text messaging capability, SiriusXM Traffic, 3.5 - mm auxiliary jack, two USB slots, harman / kardon 12 - speaker audio system including subwoofer and 576 - watt amplifier, dual - zone automatic
climate control, auto - dimming rear - view mirror with Homelink, foldable and heated body - colour mirrors, automatic on / off headlights with welcome lighting, tilt and telescopic steering wheel with integrated cruise control, power windows with auto up / down, four - way power - adjustable passenger seat, 10 - way power
driver's seat with memory function, leather seat surfaces, HID headlights, heated rear seats and rear
climate control vents, power tilting and sliding glass sunroof, windshield wiper de-icer, power rear liftgate with memory function, leather - wrapped steering wheel and gear selector, rear / side vehicle detection system, side mirror integrated turn signals, auto - dimming side - view mirror with approach lighting, hill holder system with memory, rear - view camera
Type
of vehicle All - wheel - drive sport / luxury four - door coupe Engine Twin - turbo 5.5 L DOHC V8 Power 576 hp @ 5,500 rpm; 590 lb - ft
of torque @ 2,000 rpm Transmission Seven - speed manumatic Brakes Four - wheel disc with ABS Tires P255 / 35R19 front, P285 / 30R19 rear Price (base / as tested) $ 122,250 / $ 127,750 Destination charge $ 2,075
Natural Resources Canada fuel economy (L / 100 km) 13.5 city, 9.1 highway Standard features Automatic
climate control, power windows, rear window sunshade, glass sunroof, Weight Sensing System, analogue clock, auto - dimming rear - view and
driver's side mirrors, power folding and heated exterior mirrors, power tilt and telescopic steering column, 14 - way power heated and cooled front seats, heated rear seats, illuminated door sill panels, harman / kardon surround - sound audio system, COMAND APS with navigation system and DVD changer, media interface, Distronic, Parktronic active paring assist, active blind - spot assist, active lane - keeping assist, auto stop / start function, hill start assist, power trunk closer, AMG styling package, AMG trunk lid spoiler, entry / exit lighting, UV protection on windows, red brake calipers Options Premium Package ($ 2,300), Advanced Driving Assistance Package ($ 2,700), AMG triple - spoke wheels ($ 500)
@ 4,500 rpm (226 lb. - ft total) Transmission E-Continuously Variable Transmission (E-CVT) Brakes Four - wheel disc with ABS Tires P225 / 50R17 Price: base / as tested $ 29,590 / $ 35,690 Destination charge $ 1,695
Natural Resources Canada fuel economy (L / 100 km) 3.7 city, 4.0 highway Standard features E-CVT transmission, Eco-Assist Driving Coach System, Hill Start Assist, electric assisted power steering, Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System, Vehicle Stability Assist with traction control, tire pressure monitoring system, immobilizer, security system, power operated heated mirrors, Halogen projector beam headlights, LED daytime running lights, LED taillights, speed sensing wipers, dual - zone
climate control with filtration, proximity key entry system, remote trunk release, multi-angle rear camera system,
driver's expanded view mirror, Bluetooth phone interface, Lane Watch blind spot display, cruise control, front heated seats, 8 - way power adjustable
driver's seat, 4 - way manual adjustable passenger seat, AM / FM / CD / MP3 / WMA audio system with 6 speakers, 8 - inch i - MID (intelligent Multi-Information Display) LED display screen, HondaLink with audio touch screen, Hill - Start Assist, full complement
of airbags (including front, side, and side curtain units), ABS brakes with Brake Assist, EV mode button, ECON mode button, Active Noise Cancelation.
Ex Privately Owned, Contrast roof - Black, Privacy glass, 360 - degree parking aid, Adaptive LED headlights with LED signature DRL, Dynamic Pack 1, Service Plan, Advanced alarm system, Anti-lock braking system, Auto - dimming exterior mirrors, Auto - dimming interior mirror, Automatic headlights, Automatic High Beam Assist (AHBA), Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), Blind spot monitor + reverse traffic detection, Bluetooth telephone connectivity, Body - colour door handles, Cruise control, Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), Electronic Brake - Force Distribution (EBD), Electronic Parking Brake, Electronic Traction Control (ETC), Emergency Brake Assist (EBA), Front fog lamps, Front side airbags, Heated front windscreen, Heated washer nozzles, Hill Descent Control (HDC), Hill Launch Assist (HLA), Lane Departure Warning, Perimetric protection (alarm), Power - assisted steering, Push - button start, Rain sensing windscreen wipers, Rear view camera, Starter system: stop / start, Traffic sign recognition, Trailer Stability Assist (TSA), Trip computer, «Nimbus» headlining, 10 inch Touchscreen, 16 - way power front seats, 8 - speed automatic transmission, Ambient interior lighting, Audible seatbelt warning, Digital radio (DAB),
Driver Condition Monitor, Electrically reclining rear seats, Fixed panoramic roof, Front parking aid, Gradient Acceleration Control (GAC), Hazard lights under heavy braking, Heated rear window / wash / wipe, InControl Apps, InControl Pro Services, InControl Protect, InControl Remote Premium, InControl Touch Pro Navigation, Intelligent speed limiter, Keyless entry - Passive entry + push - button start, LED headlights with signature DRL, Meridian sound system: 380W, Power adjustable steering column, Powered gesture tailgate, Powered inner tailgate, Powered third row seats, Premium leather multi-function steering wheel, Rear parking aid, Roll Stability Control (RSC), Side curtain airbags, Terrain Response: 5 - mode, Twin USB sockets: first row, Twin USB sockets: second row, Twin USB sockets: third row, Two - zone
climate control, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), «Atlas» fender vent ingots with «Narvik Black» surround, «Atlas» grille with «Narvik Black» surround, «Brunel» Discovery script (bonnet & tailgate), «
Natural Shadow Oak» veneer, Daytime running lights, Door puddle lights, Electronic air suspension, Electronic centre differential, Front laminated acoustic windscreen, Power fold ¸ heated door mirrors w / approach lights, Rollover deployment
of restraints, Signature hi - line tail lights, Single 12V auxiliary charging point (third row), Tailgate finisher - Gloss Black, Twin - speed transfer box, Upper IP stowage / glove box
Ex Land Rover Management, Advanced alarm system, Anti-lock braking system, Auto - dimming exterior mirrors, Auto - dimming interior mirror, Automatic headlights, Automatic High Beam Assist (AHBA), Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), Blind spot monitor + reverse traffic detection, Bluetooth telephone connectivity, Body - colour door handles, Cruise control, Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), Electronic Brake - Force Distribution (EBD), Electronic Parking Brake, Electronic Traction Control (ETC), Emergency Brake Assist (EBA), Front fog lamps, Front side airbags, Heated front windscreen, Heated washer nozzles, Hill Descent Control (HDC), Hill Launch Assist (HLA), Lane Departure Warning, Perimetric protection (alarm), Power - assisted steering, Push - button start, Rain sensing windscreen wipers, Rear view camera, Starter system: stop / start, Traffic sign recognition, Trailer Stability Assist (TSA), Trip computer, «Nimbus» headlining, 10 inch Touchscreen, 16 - way power front seats, 8 - speed automatic transmission, Ambient interior lighting, Audible seatbelt warning, Digital radio (DAB),
Driver Condition Monitor, Electrically reclining rear seats, Fixed panoramic roof, Front parking aid, Gradient Acceleration Control (GAC), Hazard lights under heavy braking, Heated front and rear seats, Heated rear window / wash / wipe, InControl Apps, InControl Pro Services, InControl Protect, InControl Remote Premium, InControl Touch Pro Navigation, Intelligent speed limiter, Keyless entry - Passive entry + push - button start, LED headlights with signature DRL, Meridian sound system: 380W, Power adjustable steering column, Powered gesture tailgate, Powered inner tailgate, Powered third row seats, Premium leather multi-function steering wheel, Rear parking aid, Roll Stability Control (RSC), Side curtain airbags, Terrain Response: 5 - mode, Twin USB sockets: first row, Twin USB sockets: second row, Twin USB sockets: third row, Two - zone
climate control, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), «Atlas» fender vent ingots with «Narvik Black» surround, «Atlas» grille with «Narvik Black» surround, «Brunel» Discovery script (bonnet & tailgate), «
Natural Shadow Oak» veneer, Daytime running lights, Door puddle lights, Electronic air suspension, Electronic centre differential, Front laminated acoustic windscreen, Power fold ¸ heated door mirrors w / approach lights, Rollover deployment
of restraints, Signature hi - line tail lights, Single 12V auxiliary charging point (third row), Tailgate finisher - Gloss Black, Twin - speed transfer box, Upper IP stowage / glove box
Ex Demonstrator, Bluetooth telephone connectivity, Park Assist, Privacy glass, 360 - degree parking aid, Black Pack, Fixed panoramic roof, Heated front and rear seats, InControl Touch Pro - 10 inch touchscreen, Service Plan, Advanced alarm system, Anti-lock braking system, Auto - dimming exterior mirrors, Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), Blind spot monitor + reverse traffic detection, Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), Electronic Brake - Force Distribution (EBD), Electronic Parking Brake, Electronic Traction Control (ETC), Emergency Brake Assist (EBA), Front fog lamps, Front side airbags, Heated front windscreen, Heated washer nozzles, Hill Descent Control (HDC), Hill Launch Assist (HLA), InControl Pro Services and Wi - Fi hotspot, Interactive
Driver Display, Lane Departure Warning, Perimetric protection (alarm), Push - button start, Rain sensing windscreen wipers, Rear view camera, Starter system: stop / start, 16 - way front seats (14 - way power), 4 - way power adjustable steering column, 8 - speed automatic transmission, Ambient interior lighting, Digital radio (DAB),
Driver Condition Monitor, Electrically reclining rear seats, Front parking aid, Gradient Acceleration Control (GAC), Hazard lights under heavy braking, InControl Apps, InControl Protect, InControl Remote Premium, InControl Touch Pro Navigation, Keyless entry - Passive entry + push - button start, LED headlights with signature DRL, Meridian sound system: 380W, Powered inner tailgate, Powered third row seats, Premium leather multi-function steering wheel, Rear parking aid, Roll Stability Control (RSC), Side curtain airbags, Terrain Response: 5 - mode, Third row ISOFIX, Third row seats, Traffic Sign Recognition and Adaptive Speed Limiter, Twin USB sockets: second row, Two - zone
climate control, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), «Atlas» fender vent ingots with «Narvik Black» surround, «Atlas» grille with «Narvik Black» surround, «Brunel» Discovery script (bonnet & tailgate), «
Natural Shadow Oak» veneer, Daytime running lights, Electronic air suspension, Front laminated acoustic windscreen, Loadspace cover, Rollover deployment
of restraints, Signature hi - line tail lights, Single 12V auxiliary charging point (upper glove box), Tailgate finisher - Gloss Black, Tow eye covers - «White Silver», Twin - speed transfer box, Upper IP stowage / glove box
Ex Land Rover Management, Head - up Display, Privacy glass, Dynamic Pack 1, Blind spot monitor + reverse traffic detection, Cruise control, Heated and cooled front seats w / heated rear seats, Meridian surround sound system: 825W, Rear Seat Entertainment, Surround Camera System, Traffic sign recognition, 10 inch Touchscreen, 8 - speed automatic transmission, Digital radio (DAB), Electrically reclining rear seats, Front parking aid, Heated steering wheel, InControl Touch Pro Navigation, Powered gesture tailgate, Advanced alarm system, Anti-lock braking system, Auto - dimming exterior mirrors, Auto - dimming interior mirror, Automatic headlights, Automatic High Beam Assist (AHBA), Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), Bluetooth telephone connectivity, Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), Electronic Brake - Force Distribution (EBD), Electronic Parking Brake, Electronic Traction Control (ETC), Emergency Brake Assist (EBA), Front fog lamps, Front side airbags, Heated front windscreen, Heated washer nozzles, Hill Descent Control (HDC), Hill Launch Assist (HLA), Lane Departure Warning, Perimetric protection (alarm), Power - assisted steering, Push - button start, Rain sensing windscreen wipers, Starter system: stop / start, Trailer Stability Assist (TSA), Trip computer, «Nimbus» headlining, 16 - way power front seats, Audible seatbelt warning, Configurable ambient interior lighting,
Driver Condition Monitor, Electric sunroof with fixed rear glass pano, Four - zone
climate control, Front head restraints: winged, Gradient Acceleration Control (GAC), Hazard lights under heavy braking, Heated rear window / wash / wipe, InControl Apps, InControl Pro Services, InControl Protect, InControl Remote Premium, Intelligent seat fold, Intelligent speed limiter, Keyless entry - Passive entry + push - button start, LED headlights with signature DRL, Power adjustable steering column, Powered inner tailgate, Powered third row seats, Premium leather multi-function steering wheel, Rear parking aid, Roll Stability Control (RSC), Side curtain airbags, Terrain Response: 5 - mode, Twin USB sockets: first row, Twin USB sockets: second row, Twin USB sockets: third row, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), «Atlas» Discovery script (bonnet & tailgate), «Atlas» fender vent ingots with «Narvik Black» surround, «Atlas» grille with «Narvik Black» surround, «
Natural Shadow Oak» veneer, Body - coloured door handles with «Noble» surround, Daytime running lights, Door puddle lights, Electronic air suspension, Electronic centre differential, Front laminated acoustic windscreen, Power fold ¸ heated door mirrors w / approach lights, Rollover deployment
of restraints, Signature hi - line tail lights, Single 12V auxiliary charging point (third row), Tailgate finisher - Gloss Black, Twin - speed transfer box, Upper IP stowage / glove box, Premium carpet mats
A common question for example like how can Co2 be the main
driver of climate if it lags behind warming in the
natural cycle?
The new directive is the culmination
of an extensive interagency review process undertaken in response to rapid changes taking place in the Arctic, the principal
drivers of which are
climate change, increasing human presence in the region, and the growing demand for Arctic energy deposits and other
natural resources.
And when all the
natural and human - induced
climate drivers are compared to one another, the dramatic accumulation
of carbon from human sources is by far the largest
climate change
driver over the past half century.
At that time, my position was that most
of the 20th century warming was
natural because as a geologist, I was well aware
of climate (
climate is a subset
of geology because when we study rocks and their depositional history,
climate is a huge
driver of how and why different rocks were deposited).
However there are other first order
drivers of climate including
natural ones like solar variation and human driven ones like land use change, aerosols and soot.
Some
of these
climate drivers result in warming and others lead to cooling, but when all the
natural and human - induced
climate drivers are stacked up and compared to one another, the accumulation
of human - released heat - trapping gases in the atmosphere is so large that it has very likely swamped other
climate drivers over the past half century, leading to observed global warming.
The real
drivers of the
climate system that result in the
natural variability patterns, have no funds in the grant pipeline, the null hypothesis has yet to be dis - proven.
As former NASA employees, we feel that NASA's advocacy
of an extreme position, prior to a thorough study
of the possible overwhelming impact
of natural climate drivers is inappropriate.
However the human
driver of climate has grown since 1900 so 1961 or so is about the time it starts to dominate over
natural variations.
Scientists have examined several important strands
of evidence about the LIA, including the activity
of the sun,
of volcanoes, and ocean heat circulation, principle
drivers of natural climate change.
He says he believes
natural fluctuations in the
climate system could be the primary
driver of global warming.
Secondly, city governments are the
drivers for addressing risks through ensuring basic services, which are the first line
of defense against the impacts
of climate change and
natural hazards.
I googled to check if that was actually a phrase people use, interestingly the first link to use the term also mentioned Buzz Aldrin and Harrison Schmidt (who both went to the moon) signed the letter saying «We feel that NASA's advocacy
of an extreme position, prior to a thorough study
of the possible overwhelming impact
of natural climate drivers is inappropriate».
According to Carbon Brief, a UK - based website covering
climate issues, «Increases in [
natural] gas electricity generation is the largest
driver, account for 33 %
of the total emissions reduction in 2016.»
«The additional burden
of CO2 added to the atmosphere by human activities... leads to the current «perturbed» global carbon cycle... These perturbations to the
natural carbon cycle are the dominant
driver of climate change because
of their persistent effect on the atmosphere.»
«This is an immense reserve
of natural gas, but it is 70 % CO2,» or carbon dioxide, the main
driver of climate change.
Your side, the side that says human emitted CO2 is the primary
driver of climate change, and which (hubristically) says that
natural variation can not explain all the warming we've seen, can not explain why the warming has apparently stopped for almost two decades.
Those changes are not easy to measure or reproduce with
climate models, and some researchers think
natural variability or changes in the tropics are more important
drivers of weather extremes in the mid-latitudes.
In the spring
of 2014, Koonin's drafting committee produced a statement that attributed equal weight to human influences and
natural variability as a
driver of climate change, according to a source who declined to be named.
Given that
climate scientists claimed that the CO2
driver of warming far exceeded anything that could be explained by
natural effects, then what explains the total (or almost total, if you insist) negation
of warming for 16 years?
As Skeptical Science readers are undoubtely well aware, the impact
of natural climate drivers has been very thoroughly studied, and they simply can not account for the observed global warming or
climate change, especially over the past 50 - 65 years (Figure 1).
Hence, changes in temperature due to
climate change are expected to be one
of the important
drivers of change in
natural and managed systems.
«El Niño and La Niña are major
drivers of the
natural variability
of our
climate.
Some might believe that this all suggests that CO2 appears to be a somewhat weak
climate driver that is overwhelmed by
natural variability, and that our international institutions appear to have inexplicably forgotten their
climate history and not be aware that, far from being «unprecedented,» the apparent cyclical nature
of our
climate explains the current temperature trends very nicely.
None
of this,
of course, refutes the conclusion that the GHGs are potent
climate drivers, which is solidly based in the physics, but relates more to the long term apportionment
of warming between anthropogenic (and other) forcings and
natural fluctuations.
Uncertainty in
natural climate drivers, for example how much solar output will change over this century, also affects the accuracy
of projections.