"Natural theology" refers to the study of God and religious beliefs using reason, observation, and evidence derived from the natural world, rather than relying solely on divine revelation or religious texts. It involves exploring and understanding the existence, nature, and attributes of God through intellectual inquiry and philosophical arguments based on natural phenomena and human experiences.
Full definition
On the formal question, however, I agree with the rejection
of natural theology as defined above.
In the latter case he must acknowledge the role of something like
natural theology in his work.
As long as faith and autonomous speculative reason are seen as arriving at incompatible conclusions, there can be no such thing
as natural theology.
With natural theology eliminated and the study of the human divorced from the natural sciences, theology received a quite new understanding of its role and function.
Since this is self - evident, we may assume that the practitioners of
natural theology do not claim universal acceptance for their views.
Of course, it is not necessary for each individual to study
natural theology before he is prepared to accept revelation.
Some definitions of
natural theology put it altogether outside the scope of theology as I have defined it.
If the data of philosophical reason are natural, that is, if they are given for human experience independently of historical conditions,
then natural theology as commonly understood becomes a major possibility.
Their purpose was to provide insights to religion based on reason, i.e.,
natural theology in contrast to revealed theology.
Whitehead returns to the question of
natural theology for his cosmology and discovers the temporal aspect of God's nature: part V.
As developed through the writings of Charles Hartshorne, Whitehead's process conception of God has had an important influence
on natural theology as taught in the seminaries.
I still remember vividly how a friend of mine during a conference mentioned his recent discovery of two books which seemed to be quite inspiring to him: Schubert M. Ogden's The Reality of God (RG) and John B. Cobb's A Christian
Natural Theology Based on the Thought of Alfred North Whitehead (CNT).
God of Abraham By L. E. Goodman Oxford University Press, 384 pages, $ 49.95 A sustained argument for
natural theology by a first - rate philosopher who also knows the Jewish tradition.
From the Christians penchant for cutting down sacred Druidic groves to the development of «modern science
from natural theology,» Christianity, White argues, laid the foundations of Western «arrogance towards nature» and «limitless rule of creation.»
I have repeatedly affirmed that there appeared to be serious tensions between the Biblical understanding of God and that which emerges in
Thomist natural theology.
Since no doctrine of theological importance can claim the sanction of universal, neutral, objective, impartial reason, what is
called natural theology can only be the expression of one faith or another.
You're coming from the scientific philosophy of mechanistic determinism that states that divine action is either subjective (the «God did it» explanation of
deistic natural theology) or objective (interventionist God of the conservative theologies).
Knox seems to acknowledge that some of ourproblems arise from our «friends», when he writes: «There will be fresh attempts to
dissociate natural theology altogether from our experience of the natural world around us, to concentrate more and more on precarious arguments derived from the exigencies and the instincts of human nature itself.»
There will be fresh attempts to dissociate
natural theology altogether from our experience of the natural world around us, to concentrate more and more on precarious arguments derived from the exigencies and the instincts of human nature itself.
Perhaps McGrath's greatest contribution to the debate is to demonstrate how well St. Augustine's theology of creation provides a foundation for
contemporary natural theology.
But if in fact in the common vision of reality apart from revelation this element has been subordinate to other elements or entirely lacking, then we must acknowledge that revelation creates the data on the basis of which
natural theology reasons.
Although he tends at times to obscure the dependence of
natural theology upon revelation, he is not unaware of it, and his arguments do not depend on the occasional oversight.
Although these «new essays in philosophical theology» displayed a certain refinement of analytical tools, the synthesis they were used to build (or to destroy) was by and large the same
old natural theology that Barth had repudiated.
That is not to say that the biblical writers had a
purely natural theology, but as you read through the scriptures, you will find that the biblical writers were continually making inference from nature to nature's God.
It would be confusing to include under the heading of
natural theology all the technical aspects of philosophy, but, on the other hand, no sharp line can be drawn, and the coherence of the whole is of decisive importance for selection.