Everything that is actual participates in the same kind of existence, what might be called the essence or
nature of actuality.
Not exact matches
Granted, therefore, that God's infinite conceptual valuation
of pure possibility may justly be termed «free» since it is «limited by no
actuality which it presupposes (PR 524), yet the temporal integrative activity
of his consequent
nature, whereby he loves particular occasions
of the actual world, may also be called «free,» though in a somewhat different sense.
But his insistence that» [t] he envisaging creativity, the continuum
of extension, B's anticipatory feeling
of C, the disjunctive plurality
of attained
actualities, the multiplicity
of eternal objects, and the primordial
nature of God are all alike involved in the creation
of C's dative [i.e., purely receptive] phase» (326) would lead one to believe that some sort
of objective medium must he present to facilitate the transmission to the new occasion
of so many non-objective factors in its self - constitution (e g creativity, the anticipatory feelings
of B and other past occasions, the multiplicity
of eternal objects, the divine primordial
nature, etc.).
Using human experience as a model to depict the
nature of reality, Whitehead argues that every
actuality (i.e., every actual event) has both a present subjective immediacy and a past objectivity.
These assertions, linked mainly to Aristotle's concept
of nature, are confirmed and deepened where Aristotle in his metaphysics explicitly asks about the
actuality 1219]
of the actual.
But if we hold, as for example in Process and Reality, that all final individual
actualities have the metaphysical character
of occasions
of experience, then on that hypothesis the direct evidence as to the connectedness
of one's immediately present occasion
of experience with one's immediately past occasions, can be validly used to suggest categories applying to the connectedness
of all occasions in
nature.
There is still, however, the same threefold character: (i) The «primordial
nature»
of God is the concrescence
of a unity
of conceptual feelings... (ii) The «consequent
nature»
of God is the physical prehension by God
of the
actualities of the evolving universe... (iii) The «superjective»
nature10
of God is the character
of the pragmatic value
of his specific satisfaction qualifying the transcendent creativity in the various temporal instances.
A kind
of rational intuition is needed to perceive the general principles which are there ready - made in
actuality.6 Or if patterned on the genetic - functional model, the generalizations have as their subject - matter «distinctions that arise in and because
of inquiry into the subject - matter
of experience -
nature, and then they function or operate as divisions
of labor in the further control and ordering
of its materials and processes» (DWP 175).
Whitehead insisted that «this final phase
of passage in God's
nature is ever enlarging itself» (PR 530 — italics mine), that it is «an unresting advance beyond itself» (PR 531 — italics mine), that «the
actuality of God must also be understood as a multiplicity
of actual components in process
of creation (PR 531 — italics mine) and that «in every respect God and the World move conversely to each other in respect to their process» (PR 529 — italics mine).
, the divine consequent
nature is everlasting or infinitely temporal, entailing that God has been interacting with the domain
of finite
actualities for an infinitely past time, and that God will continue to interact with finite
actualities infinitely in the future.
Having thus far spoken
of the need to speculate about the
nature of finite
actualities in themselves, including their causal relations, I now move to the question
of God.
«The consequent
nature of God is the fulfillment
of his experience by his reception
of the multiple freedom
of actuality into the harmony
of his own actualization» (PR 530).
This first function, then, would not require the functions
of the consequent
nature except as they are needed to complete the
actuality of the entity (God) to which the function belongs.2
The consequent
nature of God is «the physical prehension by God
of the
actualities of the evolving universe» (PR 134).
It is by means
of this very complex speculative hypothesis, involving the
nature of God, creation, worldly
actualities, and possibilities, that process theology can reconcile God's goodness and providence with genuine evil.
(This is not as fantastic as it sounds;
actualities inherit habits
of selection, and these habits are so strong that scientists call them laws
of nature.)
To say that God in his consequent
nature can prehend a contemporary actual entity, a then - concrescing occasion, is to provide a ground for the datum (viz, the
actuality of the then - concrescing occasion) but is to make an exception
of God in order to prevent the collapse
of the system.
Whitehead naturally calls this entity «God»; more exactly, this consideration defines the «primordial» side
of God's
nature, which is «the unconditioned
actuality of conceptual feeling at the base
of things.»
It does not belong to the
nature of symbols to hover timelessly over concrete
actualities.
As before, the question
of such survival is left open, but a new note is struck by the reference to the everlasting
nature of God, which is his consequent
nature as the weaving
of his temporal physical feelings
of actualities upon his nontemporal conceptualizations
of all pure possibilities (PR 524).
In Aristotle's language, God is pure
actuality; there is nothing that is possible in Him which is not actually realized — His will, His knowledge, and His action, the whole
of His
nature.
Whitehead asserts that «every occasion
of actuality is in its own
nature finite.
This doctrine
of the essential relation
of time to self - constituting
actualities strictly determines what the
nature of time must be.
Griffin & Sherburne, New York: The Free Press, 1978, 88) Whitehead further comments that God's «primordial
nature directs such perspectives
of objectification that each novel
actuality in the temporal world contributes such elements as it can to a realization in God free from inhibitions
of intensity by reason
of discordance.»
So God's consequent
nature has an effect on the temporal world,»... each temporal
actuality includes it as an immediate fact
of relevant experience.»
Whitehead notes, «The corresponding element in God's
nature is not temporal
actuality, but is the transmutation
of that temporal
actuality into a living, ever - present fact.»
The truth itself is nothing else than how the composite
natures of the organic
actualities of the world obtain adequate representation in the divine
nature.
The prehension
of God's consequent
nature (how God has prehended the past
actuality of that occasion) reveals a specific response to the past occasion.
But if the world provides any clue to the
nature of deity, for God to be God must imply vital
actuality and ceaseless capacity for adaptation; and this may properly be said to define deity as «living» and not as a static entity.
Process thought, reflecting upon the mutual interaction among God, humanity, and natural
actualities, conveys a sense
of ecological balance between both
nature and God.
On the contrary, what goes on in the world is a genuine manifestation
of the living process which is his own
nature; and it also makes a difference to him, for it makes possible the novelty
of adaptation, the emergence
of new
actualities, and the appearance
of real possibilities, which otherwise would not be available to him.
The corresponding element in God's
nature is not temporal
actuality, but is the transmutation
of that temporal
actuality into a living, ever - present fact (Process and Reality, An Essay in Cosmology 531).20
The infinity
of possibilities in God's
nature is inexhaustible in
actuality even by divine power, or any conceivable power.
The conclusion that they must be analogous follows not from their evident similarity, but as a deduction from the metaphysics
of materialist physicalism, with its «Democritean doctrine
of mereological supervenience, or microdeterminism» (SM 96), according to which all the features
of all wholes are ontologically reducible to the most elementary constituents
of nature, This metaphysics, according to which these elementary constituents are devoid
of experience and thereby
of internal relations, does not allow for the evolutionary emergence
of higher - level
actualities with genuine causal powers
of their own.
Since laws
of nature are abstractions from an environmental order, one can deduce predictions as to behavior and properties
of the
actualities of ae2; the
actualities of ae2 will conform to the laws expressing the dominant order
of environment E.
This means that an analysis
of the structure and relations
of any finite
actuality should, at the same time, reveal intimations about the
nature of its ground.
Among these are perception, the question
of time, existence and
actuality, personal identity, and the
nature of God.
In the theology
of Charles Hartshorne, the primordial
nature (PN)
of God is that determinable potentiality which underlies the
actuality of the world that has already been realized in a determinate form.
Because Whitehead conceives the human psyche not to be a single
actuality, but a temporally - ordered society
of occasions
of experience, and further believes all actual entities to be occasions
of experience, he is able to use «the direct evidence as to the connectedness
of one's immediate present occasion
of experience with one's immediately past occasions... to suggest categories applying to the connectedness
of all occasions in
nature» (AI 284).
The nineteenth century saw the reality
of the «historical facts» as consisting largely in names, places, dates, occurrences, sequences, causes, effects — things which fall far short
of being the
actuality of history, if one understands by history the distinctively human, creative, unique, purposeful, which distinguishes man from
nature.
The contribution to an occasion
of its initial aim is not simply one among several equally important contributions to its
actuality and
nature.
The divine attributes
of actuality, immanence and transcendence are not problematic in any way: all
of them characterize the God in two
natures for which Whitehead is so well known.
«Conceptual
actuality,» rather than «conceptual
nature,» indicates that God's
actuality as a whole is constituted solely Out
of conceptual feelings.
For the perfected
actuality passes back into the temporal world, and qualifies this world so that each temporal
actuality includes it as an immediate fact
of relevant experience» (351) 3 Some interpreters refer also to Whitehead's reference to the «superjective
nature»
of God in Process and Reality: «The «superjective»
nature of God is the character
of the pragmatic value
of his specific satisfaction qualifying the transcendent creativity in the various temporal instances» (88).4 In this case, however, the actual warrant lies again on page 351, as it is under the light
of that particular passage that the «superjective character» on page 88 is interpreted as a reference to the objectification
of the consequent
nature.
In his primordial
nature God prehends the infinite realm
of possibilities; in his consequent
nature he prehends the
actualities of the world his superjective
nature is a result
of weaving his consequent prehensions upon his primordial vision.
The incompatibility between the description made, in Process 32,
of God as the non-derivative
actuality and the concept
of God in two
natures is blatant.
Ethical mysticism, on the other hand (also called «mysticism
of actuality»), results in world - and life - affirmation, holds that the World - Spirit or God remains ultimately a mystery, and bases its incomplete view
of the
nature of things on an encompassing life view.
The «togetherness»
of possibility in the primordial
nature is basic, for in this way possibility is given ontological status (PR 73) and rendered accessible to
actuality (PR 46, 48, 64, 73).
Therefore, the statement that God «combines the
actuality of what is temporal with the timelessness
of what is potential» is incompatible with the concept
of God in two
natures developed in the last chapter
of that book where, as we have seen above, God is temporal in the consequent
nature.
I argue that God exists in all three time - dimensions simultaneously: as a determinate past
actuality in virtue
of the divine consequent
nature, as an indeterminate future reality in virtue
of the divine primordial
nature, and as a concrescing present reality in virtue
of the ongoing integration
of the divine primordial and consequent
natures.1 Yet, while I agree with Ford that there is no way for finite actual occasions objectively to prehend that integration
of the primordial and consequent
natures within God even in terms
of their own self - constitution here and now, I would also contend that finite actual occasions still feel the feelings
of God toward themselves as a result
of that integration
of the primordial and consequent
natures within the divine being.