Not exact matches
We began by stressing the
public nature of the minister's
authority.
Concussion and Sports - Related Head Injury: Code 18 -2-25a (2013) requires the governing
authority of each
public and nonpublic elementary school, middle school, junior high school and high school, working through guidance approved by the department
of health and communicated through the department
of education, to do the following: (A) Adopt guidelines and other pertinent information and forms as approved by the department
of health to inform and educate coaches, school administrators, youth athletes and their parents or guardians
of the
nature, risk and symptoms
of concussion and head injury, including continuing to play after concussion or head injury; (B) Require annual completion by all coaches, whether the coach is employed or a volunteer, and by school athletic directors
of a concussion recognition and head injury safety education course program approved by the department.
Concussion and Sports - Related Head Injury: SB189 (2011) requires the governing
authority of each
public and nonpublic school to provide information to all coaches, officials, volunteers, youth athletes and their parents / guardians about the
nature and risk
of concussion and head injury, including continuing to play after a concussion or head injury.
That's the unfortunate
nature of traditional publishing, which is this opinion - based mechanism in which a small number
of individuals have the
authority to determine what the
public will read.
Local
authorities will be patrolling
nature reserves this coming Vesak Day holiday, in an effort to educate the
public on the dangers
of releasing animals into the wild.
The Aarhus Convention through that provision only permitted refusal to access to documents if it would adversely affect «the course
of justice, the ability
of a person to receive a fair trial or the ability
of a
public authority to conduct an enquiry
of a criminal or disciplinary
nature».
The
public authority nature of a party will not ordinarily affect the application
of normal contractual principles.
Section 5 provides for the extension
of FIA 2000's provisions (by order) to bodies not falling within the class
of core
public authorities, if they appear to the secretary
of state either to: exercise functions
of a
public nature; or provide under contract with a
public authority any service the provision
of which is a function
of that
authority.
Section 145 contains the relevant provisions, the fulcrum
of which is sub-s 1 which reads as follows: «A person (P) who provides accommodation, together with nursing or personal care, in a care home for an individual under arrangements made with P under the relevant statutory provisions (eg s 21
of the National Assistance Act 1948) is to be taken for the purposes
of sub-s (3)(b)
of section 6
of the HRA 1998 (acts
of public authorities) to be exercising a function
of a
public nature in doing so.»
It is nowhere more clearly expressed than in the judgment
of Lord Justice Oliver in Cutts v Head [1984] Ch 290, [1984] 1 All ER 597: «That the rule rests, at least in part, upon
public policy is clear from many
authorities, and the convenient starting point
of the inquiry is the
nature of the underlying policy.
The management and allocation
of housing stock by a registered social landlord is a function
of a
public nature and the landlord is, therefore, a
public authority for the purposes
of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA 1998).
The management and allocation
of housing stock by a housing trust which is a registered social landlord under the Housing Act 1996, including decisions concerning the termination
of a tenancy, is a function
of a
public nature, with the effect that the registered social landlord is to regarded as a
public authority for the purposes
of s 6 (3)(b)
of the Human Rights Act 1998 and so is amenable to judicial review on conventional
public law grounds in respect
of its performance
of that function.
Section 6 (3)(b)
of HRA 1998 provided that a
public authority included «any person certain
of whose functions are functions
of a
public nature» save that, by s 6 (5), in relation to a particular act, a person was not a
public authority by virtue only
of s 6 (3)(b) if the
nature of the act was private.
«For the purposes
of s. 6 (3)(b)
of the Human Rights Act 1998, a function
of a
public nature includes a function performed pursuant to a contract or other arrangement with a
public authority which is under a duty to perform the function.»
However «
public authority» is widely defined in s. 6 to include central and local government, the courts, the police, immigration officers and «any person certain
of whose functions are functions
of a
public nature».
In reaching this decision the following were considered to be decisive factors: (i) LQHT was permeated with state control and influence with a view to meeting the government's aims for aff ordable housing; (ii) the
nature and extent
of the
public subsidy
of LQHT's activities; (iii) 10 %
of LQHT's stock had been transferred to it from the
public sector; (iv) that LQHT, as a registered social landlord, was obliged to cooperate with the local
authority, if requested, in offering accommodation to people with priority under the
authority's allocation scheme; (v) the termination
of a tenancy could not be regarded as separate from housing management so as to be considered an act
of a private
nature.
«It is a fallacy to regard all functions and activities
of a core
public authority as inherently
public in
nature.»
The precise formulation differs between DDA 1995 and SDA 1975, but the basic idea is that an
authority is caught — whether purely
public or hybrid — to the extent to which it carries out functions
of a
public nature.
An otherwise private body may be regarded as a
public authority for the purposes
of HRA 1998 if, per s 6 (3)(b), it performs «functions
of a
public nature».
Functions
of core
public authorities such as BCC are subject to the Convention, not following an analysis
of their
nature, but simply because core
authorities are obliged to observe Convention rights in all that they do.
The IT acknowledged, however, that for the purposes
of s 41, genuine trade secrets or information
of a technical
nature may still be protected as confidential information since it is information obtained by the
public authority from any other person.
In subsequent proceedings the issue arose about whether the provider had «functions
of a
public nature» and was therefore a
public authority, under HRA 1998, s 6 (3)(b).
Lacking the substantial powers and budgets
of principal local
authorities, local councils still can make a considerable difference at micro level since in their
nature they can often reach much closer to their
public than their more substantial principal counterparts.
Section 21
of NAA 1948 provided: «(1)... a local
authority may... make arrangements for providing --(a) residential accommodation for persons... in need
of care and attention which is not otherwise available to them...» Section 6
of HRA 1998 identified two types
of public authority — «core»
public authorities which were to be so regarded in relation to all their functions and «hybrid» persons with functions both
of a
public and
of a private
nature which were only to be so regarded when the
nature of their particular act under consideration was
public rather than private.
Where a local
authority, in the discharge
of its duty under s 21
of the National Assistance Act 1948 (NAA 1948), makes arrangements for the provision
of care and accommodation by a private care home, that home is not exercising functions
of a
public nature within s 6 (3)(b)
of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA 1998).
Section 6 clearly envisages that the performance
of a function which is
public in
nature will make an otherwise private body a
public authority for the purposes
of HRA 1998.