Sentences with phrase «near surface over»

+ / -1 K near surface over land sounds about right as a typical error.

Fortunately, at least for a part of the day, CO2 levels near the surface over land are average a lot higher than in the bulk of the atmosphere.

Not exact matches

Past production included > 20 % zinc grades and recoveries over 90 % from surface and near - surface zinc - oxide mineralization.

A fielder, in order to make a catch on a foul ball nearing a dugout or other out - of - play area (such as the stands), must have one or both feet on or over the playing surface (including the lip of the dugout) and neither foot on the ground inside the dugout or in any other out - of - play area.

Stand table up on all 4 legs and place near another surface so baby can reach over and «walk» to it.

This technique can determine whether a spot on the planet's surface is rising or falling over time, such as near a volcano on the verge of erupting or a sinkhole about to form.

The great frigatebirds can fly for weeks without a break, mostly cruising over the ocean looking for food near the surface.

Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus macoyii) roll over and over to soak up the sun as they skim along at or near the surface of the water, often for hours on end.

The IPCC, in its most recent assessment report, lowered its near - term forecast for the global mean surface temperature over the period 2016 to 2035 to just 0.3 to 0.7 degree C above the 1986 — 2005 level.

Using infrared in near darkness through very little atmosphere, the team received data enabling it for the first time to estimate the surface temperatures over the planet's night side.

The great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, which rise to over 13,000 feet above sea level, accumulate ice over most of their surfaces and melt only at their lower elevations near the edges.

Global warming, the phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of Earth over...

The decrease over the last 20 years is well substantiated by observation and is indistinguishable from the calculated decline assuming that the surface ocean is in near thermodynamic equilibrium with increasing CO2 concentration of the atmosphere.

Such a cascade is dubbed an «extensive air shower» (EAS) and is routinely being detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina near the city of Malargüe, using an array of surface detectors deployed over 3000 km2.

The chemical makeup of Astaxanthin allows it to stretch over the surface of the cell allowing it to sit near the border where damage normally occurs.

The 2019 Subaru Ascent feels nicely planted, handling the curvy roads near Coastal Oregon, some 50 miles south of Portland — where Outbacks are as common as Ford F - 150s elsewhere in the country — without giving up comfort over uneven road surfaces.

As the angles of different colors, sometimes near complementaries, slide into one another, a mirage - like shimmer hovers over the surface.

Her initial representational painting would be done from life, out in the open air, then she would take the canvas home to her studio and work over it so that it took on an emotional resonance — something she described as: «that memory or dream thing I do that for me comes nearer reality than my objective kind of work».6 She painted on canvas with a very fine weave and coated it with a special primer to make the surface extremely smooth, blending one colour into the next, making sure that the brushstrokes were invisible.

A large footed bowl from 1881, for example, features a pair of lively crabs entangled near its lip, their delicate modeling in contrast to the brutish facture of the bowl and the splash of greenish - black glaze over its otherwise unglazed surface.

Finally, the presence of vigorous climate variability presents significant challenges to near - term climate prediction (25, 26), leaving open the possibility of steady or even declining global mean surface temperatures over the next several decades that could present a significant empirical obstacle to the implementation of policies directed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions (27).

The two longest ones are of temperature near the Earth's surface: a vast network of weather stations over land areas, and ship data from the oceans.

In contrast to the surface warming trend of the Indian Ocean, Alory et al. (2007) found a subsurface cooling trend of the main thermocline over the Indonesian Throughflow region, that is, near EEIO, in 1960 — 99, the interval using the new Indian Ocean Thermal Archive.

Regarding El Nino, here's the recent update from Australia: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/ «The past three or four weeks has seen a gradual strengthening of La Nina indicators: the near - equatorial Pacific has cooled both on and below the surface, the Trade Winds have been mostly stronger than normal and cloudiness has been lower than average over much of the tropical Pacific.

(57d) Air near the surface gains latent and sensible heat (convective fluxes) from the surface over some fraction of area and time; sometimes air near the surface loses heat to the surface.

Refering to bands where optical thickness is constant over the interval of each band, if the atmospheric LW absorption is limited to some band (that doesn't cover all LW radiation), than increases in OLR in response to surface warming will occur outside that band, so OLR will drop within the band — there will still be some portion of stratospheric or near - TOA cooling that will be transient, but some will remain at full equilibrium.

However their predictions are about much more than just the average near - surface air temperature, they are mainly focused on how heat mixes into the ocean and how that affects the rise in surface temperature as CO2 is doubled over 100 years.

The ability of a band to shape the temperature profile of the whole atmosphere should tend to be maximum at intermediate optical thicknesses (for a given band width), because at small optical thicknesses, the amounts of emission and absorption within any layer will be small relative to what happens in other bands, while at large optical thicknesses, the net fluxes will tend to go to zero (except near TOA and, absent convection, the surface) and will be insensitive to changes in the temperature profile (except near TOA), thus allowing other bands greater control over the temperature profile (depending on wavelength — greater influence for bands with larger bandwidths at wavelengths closer to the peak wavelength — which will depend on temperature and thus vary with height.

An apparent lag in temperature seen in the Greenland ice cores might be an artifact of the proximity of the large Laurentide Ice Sheet, which would have limited the near surface air temperature to the freezing point, as happens over summer sea - ice now.

As more optical thickness is added to a «new» band, it will gain greater control over the temperature profile, but eventually, the equilibrium for that band will shift towards a cold enough upper atmosphere and warm enough lower atmosphere and surface, such that farther increases will cool the upper atmosphere or just that portion near TOA while warming the lower atmosphere and surface — until the optical thickness is so large (relative to other bands) that the band loses influence (except at TOA) and has little farther effect (except at TOA).

The effect of CH4 shouldn't be concentrated much near surface CH4 sources; while CH4 oxydizes over a decade or two -LRB-?

The forecast suggests reductions in ice extent along the Eurasian coast, but cooler near - surface air temperatures over the Canadian Archipelago.

Any climate scientist can immediately tell you that the IPCC projected approximately 0.2 °C global surface warming over the first decade of the century - certainly nowhere near 1 °C.

TLT has been shown to be a near perfect match trend for the only untampered surface data in the world, USCRN over the USA, thus validating the use of over TTT which is not trend matched and has a spurious warming trend.

However, models would need to underestimate variability by factors of over two in their standard deviation to nullify detection of greenhouse gases in near - surface temperature data (Tett et al., 2002), which appears unlikely given the quality of agreement between models and observations at global and continental scales (Figures 9.7 and 9.8) and agreement with inferences on temperature variability from NH temperature reconstructions of the last millennium.

In addition, a combined analysis of the response at the surface and through the depth of the atmosphere using HadCM3 and the solar reconstruction of Lean et al. (1995) concluded that the near - surface temperature response to solar forcing over 1960 to 1999 is much smaller than the response to greenhouse gases (Jones et al., 2003).

Thus, as more energy accumulates in the lower - troposphere averaged over the whole planet, we would expect the temperatures of the near - surface troposphere to increase.

Most interesting is that the about monthly variations correlate with the lunar phases (peak on full moon) The Helsinki Background measurements 1935 The first background measurements in history; sampling data in vertical profile every 50 - 100m up to 1,5 km; 364 ppm underthe clouds and above Haldane measurements at the Scottish coast 370 ppmCO2 in winds from the sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly average

The annual anomaly of the global average surface temperature in 2014 (i.e. the average of the near - surface air temperature over land and the SST) was +0.27 °C above the 1981 - 2010 average (+0.63 °C above the 20th century average), and was the warmest since 1891.

The sea ice in the Siberian Arctic is peaking, its effect on the meridional temperature gradient strong, promoting increased zonal flow of large - scale winds, which advect warm air and moisture over the Eurasian continent from the Atlantic and disrupt vertical stratification near the surface and promote high cloudiness, both of which lead to increasing temperatures — greatest at low altitudes and high latitudes.

Here we apply such a method using near surface air temperature observations over the 1851 — 2010 period, historical simulations of the response to changing greenhouse gases, aerosols and natural forcings, and simulations of future climate change under the Representative Concentration Pathways from the second generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2).

As reported in the November 11, 2017, TWTW, at least in part, Antarctic ice melt appears to be resulting from geothermal activity below the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, with over 130 geothermal hot spots identified near a rift valley below the surface.

Four mechanisms are involved in that, IR radiation, latent heat transfer through evaporation, conduction (significant only over very short distances near the surface) and convection (not across the surface).

Undoubtedly the Hadley records show a «pause» or «flattening» or «plateau» in the near - surface temperature anomalies over the last decade to or so.

Still, it would be nice to see you place near surface temperature data over the past 15 years in its true perspective related to the full Earth energy system and the long term perspective of Earth's energy imbalance.

As evident in the figures the near surface air temperatures are actually warmer over the Arctic Ocean (by over 1 °C in large areas) when the sea ice absorbs solar radiation and transfers some of this energy as sensible heat back into the atmosphere.

This interesting, but rather «look... squirrel» focus on near surface temperatures flattening over a short period is quite telling about certain mindsets.

A study using data from Polar drifting ice buoys showed that near surface air temperatures over the pack ice are relatively homogenous, with a CLS (correlation length scale) of 900-1000 km, see (Rigor 2000).

If Arctic Sea ice recovers, ocean heat content declines, and near surface temperatures decline over a 10 year period... why then we might actually have something really worth getting excited about.

On a global scale, the ocean warming is largest near the surface, and the upper 75 m warmed by 0.11 [0.09 to 0.13] °C per decade over the period 1971 — 2010.

More Details about this video animation The video animation shows the near surface (10m) winds and rainfall intensity over the Gulf of Mexico and the surrounding land areas during the main development phase of Hurricane Katrina, August 24 - 30, 2005, based on NCEP - GFS forecast model analyses.