Sentences with phrase «near surface temperature observations»

Section 9.4.1.3 assesses the variability of near surface temperature observations and simulations.

Not exact matches

But observations of CMEs on and near the sun — whose surface temperature is about 5,500 degrees Celsius — are extremely difficult to accomplish.

Kharin, V.V., F.W. Zwiers, and X. Zhang, 2005: Intercomparison of near surface temperature and precipitation extremes in AMIP - 2 simulations, reanalyses and observations.

However, comparison of the global, annual mean time series of near - surface temperature (approximately 0 to 5 m depth) from this analysis and the corresponding SST series based on a subset of the International Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2005.

As Bromwich explains on his website, he blended model data and observations «to reconstruct a record of Antarctic near - surface temperature back to 1960»:

However, models would need to underestimate variability by factors of over two in their standard deviation to nullify detection of greenhouse gases in near - surface temperature data (Tett et al., 2002), which appears unlikely given the quality of agreement between models and observations at global and continental scales (Figures 9.7 and 9.8) and agreement with inferences on temperature variability from NH temperature reconstructions of the last millennium.

However, detection and attribution analyses based on climate simulations that include these forcings, (e.g., Stott et al., 2006b), continue to detect a significant anthropogenic influence in 20th - century temperature observations even though the near - surface patterns of response to black carbon aerosols and sulphate aerosols could be so similar at large spatial scales (although opposite in sign) that detection analyses may be unable to distinguish between them (Jones et al., 2005).

Six additional years of observations since the TAR (Chapter 3) show that temperatures are continuing to warm near the surface of the planet.

However, comparison of the global, annual mean time series of near - surface temperature (approximately 0 to 5 m depth) from this analysis and the corresponding SST series based on a subset of the International Comprehensive Ocean - Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96) for the period 1955 to 2005.

Here we apply such a method using near surface air temperature observations over the 1851 — 2010 period, historical simulations of the response to changing greenhouse gases, aerosols and natural forcings, and simulations of future climate change under the Representative Concentration Pathways from the second generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2).

Figure 2: Gillett et al. time series of global mean near - surface air temperature anomalies in observations and simulations of CanESM2.

So the issues are the same as surface temperature observation versus naive projections of the near - future forcings.

Canadian climate model simulations of near - surface tropical temperatures and three datasets of observations.

We also have concordant observations from night - time maritime near surface air temperatures, which trend in the same direction.

Canadian climate model simulations of near - surface global temperatures and three datasets of observations.

The figure 6 compares the model near - surface temperatures from 50 degrees South to 75 degrees South latitude to the observations.

With the model and observation trends set to zero in 1979, the discrepancy between the model mean of the near - surface global temperatures and the surface observations by 2012 was 0.73 °C.

Since the scaling factor used is based purely on simulations by CMIP5 models, rather than on observations, the estimate is only valid if those simulations realistically reproduce the spatiotemporal pattern of actual warming for both SST and near - surface air temperature (tas), and changes in sea - ice cover.

«The assessment is supported additionally by a complementary analysis in which the parameters of an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC) were constrained using observations of near - surface temperature and ocean heat content, as well as prior information on the magnitudes of forcings, and which concluded that GHGs have caused 0.6 °C to 1.1 °C (5 to 95 % uncertainty) warming since the mid-20th century (Huber and Knutti, 2011); an analysis by Wigley and Santer (2013), who used an energy balance model and RF and climate sensitivity estimates from AR4, and they concluded that there was about a 93 % chance that GHGs caused a warming greater than observed over the 1950 — 2005 period; and earlier detection and attribution studies assessed in the AR4 (Hegerl et al., 2007b).»