In craters
near the south pole of the moon, NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter found some bright areas and some very cold areas.
The search for this subsurface ocean warmed up after scientists discovered plumes of mineral - rich water vapor squirting out of
cracks near the south pole.
Using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, they caught two 124 - mile - tall geysers of water vapor spewing out over seven hours
from near its south pole.
In these comparisons, the coldest
areas near the south pole also were very bright, indicating the presence of ice or other highly reflective materials.
LRO's early results have already caused a stir: The Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment sent back the first global temperature maps of the moon, revealing ultracold pockets in permanently shadowed portions of
craters near the south pole.
Deep in the lakes of a group of rocky, coastal
islands near the south pole, the researchers uncovered an organism that resembles a bacterium, but is not.
Watch how it fires laser bursts to map out its terrain, while other sensors detect superhot areas as well as the coldest spots in the solar system near its south pole
Now, using gravity measurements collected by Cassini, scientists have confirmed that Enceladus does in fact harbor a large subsurface
ocean near its south pole, beneath those tiger stripes.
When Iess and his team spotted an unusually massive area
near the south pole with no corresponding topography (a mountain, say), they realized that a denser material — liquid water — lurked below.
Over the past decade, NASA has sent the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to map the Moon; the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite to crash
land near the south pole in search of water; the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory to plumb the Moon's gravity field; and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) to study its tenuous outer atmosphere.
An avalanche of data released from NASA's New Horizons probe, which flew past Pluto on 14 July, show the dwarf planet has a pair of potentially volcanic
mountains near its south pole.
In March Cassini flew within 30 miles of Enceladus's icy surface, sampling the chemical composition of water - vapor plumes streaming from
fissures near its south pole.
There are also similar
features near the south pole of Enceladus, the moon of Saturn that is spewing water into space from cracks in an ice shell.
«These rocks were deposited on the ocean floor 440 million years
ago near the south pole, and its components were oriented in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field at the time (N - S),» explains Javier Fernández Lozano, a geologist at the University of Salamanca and co-author of the research.
«The discovery that water vapour is
ejected near the south pole strengthens Europa's position as the top candidate for potential habitability,» said lead author Lorenz Roth of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas.
The NASA / ESA Hubble Space Telescope has discovered water vapour erupting from the frigid surface of Jupiter's moon Europa, in one or more localised
plumes near its south pole.
According to the new study, Enceladus» ocean is much closer to the surface,
especially near the south pole where geysers erupt through a few kilometers of crust.
Comparing these two images, it can be seen that the
terrain near the south pole is more heavily cratered while some of the region near the north pole shows less cratered, smooth plains material, consistent with the general observations of the poles made by Mariner 10.
After Cassini's surprising discovery of a towering plume of icy spray in 2005, emanating from hot
cracks near the south pole, scientists turned its detectors toward the small moon.
Scientists first detected signs of the moon's icy plume in early 2005, and followed up with a series of discoveries about the material gushing from warm
fractures near its south pole.
Saturn's icy moon Enceladus has earned a certain amount of attention for its waterworks show — it was caught squirting plumes of mineral - rich water out of «tiger stripe» cracks
near its south pole in 2005.