In the infant - toddler years, these take the form of
sensitive -
responsiveness, which is known to foster attachment security, 1 and mutually - positive parent - child relations, which themselves promote child cooperation, compliance and conscience development.2 In the preschool through adolescent years, authoritative (vs. neglectful) parenting that mixes high levels of warmth and acceptance with firm control and clear and consistent limit - setting fosters prosocial orientation, achievement striving, and positive peer relations.3, 4,5 Across childhood and adolescence, then, parenting that treats the child as an individual, respecting developmentally - appropriate
needs for autonomy, and which is not psychologically intrusive / manipulative or harshly coercive contributes to the development of the kinds of psychological and behavioural «outcomes» valued in the western world.
Research that began with the late psychologist John Bowlby's Attachment Theory back in the 1950s has shown the critical
need for consistently loving,
sensitive responsiveness to develop a secure parent - child attachment — that component that forms the foundation of how our babies and toddlers go on to relate to others... in all relationships... through the rest of their lives.