Dr Kuhn argues that empirically that there has been no increase in pro-European feeing despite the wealth
of such transactions, and that Deutsch's theory
needs three important qualifications: first, benefits
of cross-border transaction may be identifiable individually but are characterised by high
social stratification; second, not all forms
of European interaction are effective in fostering common identity; and third, in some cases people react negatively and actually become more nationalistic and less European.