Not exact matches
Which politicians wouldn't be interested in something UNICEF describe as «a natural safety
net against the worst
effects of poverty» or a
factor shown to have a significant impact on the national economy?
The
net effect of these two
factors is unknown.
That's far from the worst flaw in his calculation, since his two biggest blunders are the neglect
of the radiative cooling due to sulfate aerosols (known to be a critical
factor in the period in question) and his neglect
of the many links in the chain
of physical
effects needed to translate a top
of atmosphere radiative imbalance to a change in
net surface energy flux imbalance.
A study by the RAND Corporation
of students from Louisiana districts affected by the hurricane suggests that these two
factors had a short - term
net negative
effect on evacuees» performance
of 0.03 to 0.06 standard deviations.
Such statements reflect the current views
of Barnes & Noble with respect to future events, the outcome
of which is subject to certain risks, including, among others, the general economic environment and consumer spending patterns, decreased consumer demand for Barnes & Noble's products, low growth or declining sales and
net income due to various
factors, possible disruptions in Barnes & Noble's computer systems, telephone systems or supply chain, possible risks associated with data privacy, information security and intellectual property, possible work stoppages or increases in labor costs, possible increases in shipping rates or interruptions in shipping service, effects of competition, possible risks that inventory in channels of distribution may be larger than able to be sold, possible risks associated with changes in the strategic direction of the device business, including possible reduction in sales of content, accessories and other merchandise and other adverse financial impacts, possible risk that component parts will be rendered obsolete or otherwise not be able to be effectively utilized in devices to be sold, possible risk that financial and operational forecasts and projections are not achieved, possible risk that returns from consumers or channels of distribution may be greater than estimated, the risk that digital sales growth is less than expectations and the risk that it does not exceed the rate of investment spend, higher - than - anticipated store closing or relocation costs, higher interest rates, the performance of Barnes & Noble's online, digital and other initiatives, the success of Barnes & Noble's strategic investments, unanticipated increases in merchandise, component or occupancy costs, unanticipated adverse litigation results or effects, product and component shortages, the potential adverse impact on the Company's businesses resulting from the Company's prior reviews of strategic alternatives and the potential separation of the Company's businesses, the risk that the transactions with Microsoft and Pearson do not achieve the expected benefits for the parties or impose costs on the Company in excess of what the Company anticipates, including the risk that NOOK Media's applications are not commercially successful or that the expected distribution of those applications is not achieved, risks associated with the international expansion contemplated by the relationship with Microsoft, including that it is not successful or is delayed, the risk that NOOK Media is not able to perform its obligations under the Microsoft and Pearson commercial agreements and the consequences thereof, risks associated with the restatement contained in, the delayed filing of, and the material weakness in internal controls described in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, risks associated with the SEC investigation disclosed in the quarterly report on Form 10 - Q for the fiscal quarter ended October 26, 2013, risks associated with the ongoing efforts to rationalize the NOOK business and the expected costs and benefits of such efforts and associated risks and other factors which may be outside of Barnes & Noble's control, including those factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors, possible disruptions in Barnes & Noble's computer systems, telephone systems or supply chain, possible risks associated with data privacy, information security and intellectual property, possible work stoppages or increases in labor costs, possible increases in shipping rates or interruptions in shipping service,
effects of competition, possible risks that inventory in channels
of distribution may be larger than able to be sold, possible risks associated with changes in the strategic direction
of the device business, including possible reduction in sales
of content, accessories and other merchandise and other adverse financial impacts, possible risk that component parts will be rendered obsolete or otherwise not be able to be effectively utilized in devices to be sold, possible risk that financial and operational forecasts and projections are not achieved, possible risk that returns from consumers or channels
of distribution may be greater than estimated, the risk that digital sales growth is less than expectations and the risk that it does not exceed the rate
of investment spend, higher - than - anticipated store closing or relocation costs, higher interest rates, the performance
of Barnes & Noble's online, digital and other initiatives, the success
of Barnes & Noble's strategic investments, unanticipated increases in merchandise, component or occupancy costs, unanticipated adverse litigation results or
effects, product and component shortages, the potential adverse impact on the Company's businesses resulting from the Company's prior reviews
of strategic alternatives and the potential separation
of the Company's businesses, the risk that the transactions with Microsoft and Pearson do not achieve the expected benefits for the parties or impose costs on the Company in excess
of what the Company anticipates, including the risk that NOOK Media's applications are not commercially successful or that the expected distribution
of those applications is not achieved, risks associated with the international expansion contemplated by the relationship with Microsoft, including that it is not successful or is delayed, the risk that NOOK Media is not able to perform its obligations under the Microsoft and Pearson commercial agreements and the consequences thereof, risks associated with the restatement contained in, the delayed filing
of, and the material weakness in internal controls described in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, risks associated with the SEC investigation disclosed in the quarterly report on Form 10 - Q for the fiscal quarter ended October 26, 2013, risks associated with the ongoing efforts to rationalize the NOOK business and the expected costs and benefits
of such efforts and associated risks and other
factors which may be outside of Barnes & Noble's control, including those factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors which may be outside
of Barnes & Noble's control, including those
factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk
Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with the SEC.
Such statements reflect the current views
of Barnes & Noble with respect to future events, the outcome
of which is subject to certain risks, including, among others, the
effect of the proposed separation
of NOOK Media, the general economic environment and consumer spending patterns, decreased consumer demand for Barnes & Noble's products, low growth or declining sales and
net income due to various
factors, possible disruptions in Barnes & Noble's computer systems, telephone systems or supply chain, possible risks associated with data privacy, information security and intellectual property, possible work stoppages or increases in labor costs, possible increases in shipping rates or interruptions in shipping service, effects of competition, possible risks that inventory in channels of distribution may be larger than able to be sold, possible risks associated with changes in the strategic direction of the device business, including possible reduction in sales of content, accessories and other merchandise and other adverse financial impacts, possible risk that component parts will be rendered obsolete or otherwise not be able to be effectively utilized in devices to be sold, possible risk that financial and operational forecasts and projections are not achieved, possible risk that returns from consumers or channels of distribution may be greater than estimated, the risk that digital sales growth is less than expectations and the risk that it does not exceed the rate of investment spend, higher - than - anticipated store closing or relocation costs, higher interest rates, the performance of Barnes & Noble's online, digital and other initiatives, the success of Barnes & Noble's strategic investments, unanticipated increases in merchandise, component or occupancy costs, unanticipated adverse litigation results or effects, product and component shortages, risks associated with the commercial agreement with Samsung, the potential adverse impact on the Company's businesses resulting from the Company's prior reviews of strategic alternatives and the potential separation of the Company's businesses (including with respect to the timing of the completion thereof), the risk that the transactions with Pearson and Samsung do not achieve the expected benefits for the parties or impose costs on the Company in excess of what the Company anticipates, including the risk that NOOK Media's applications are not commercially successful or that the expected distribution of those applications is not achieved, risks associated with the international expansion previously undertaken, including any risks associated with a reduction of international operations following termination of the Microsoft commercial agreement, the risk that NOOK Media is not able to perform its obligations under the Pearson and Samsung commercial agreements and the consequences thereof, the risks associated with the termination of Microsoft commercial agreement, including potential customer losses, risks associated with the restatement contained in, the delayed filing of, and the material weakness in internal controls described in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, risks associated with the SEC investigation disclosed in the quarterly report on Form 10 - Q for the fiscal quarter ended October 26, 2013, risks associated with the ongoing efforts to rationalize the NOOK business and the expected costs and benefits of such efforts and associated risks and other factors which may be outside of Barnes & Noble's control, including those factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended May 3, 2014, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors, possible disruptions in Barnes & Noble's computer systems, telephone systems or supply chain, possible risks associated with data privacy, information security and intellectual property, possible work stoppages or increases in labor costs, possible increases in shipping rates or interruptions in shipping service,
effects of competition, possible risks that inventory in channels
of distribution may be larger than able to be sold, possible risks associated with changes in the strategic direction
of the device business, including possible reduction in sales
of content, accessories and other merchandise and other adverse financial impacts, possible risk that component parts will be rendered obsolete or otherwise not be able to be effectively utilized in devices to be sold, possible risk that financial and operational forecasts and projections are not achieved, possible risk that returns from consumers or channels
of distribution may be greater than estimated, the risk that digital sales growth is less than expectations and the risk that it does not exceed the rate
of investment spend, higher - than - anticipated store closing or relocation costs, higher interest rates, the performance
of Barnes & Noble's online, digital and other initiatives, the success
of Barnes & Noble's strategic investments, unanticipated increases in merchandise, component or occupancy costs, unanticipated adverse litigation results or
effects, product and component shortages, risks associated with the commercial agreement with Samsung, the potential adverse impact on the Company's businesses resulting from the Company's prior reviews
of strategic alternatives and the potential separation
of the Company's businesses (including with respect to the timing
of the completion thereof), the risk that the transactions with Pearson and Samsung do not achieve the expected benefits for the parties or impose costs on the Company in excess
of what the Company anticipates, including the risk that NOOK Media's applications are not commercially successful or that the expected distribution
of those applications is not achieved, risks associated with the international expansion previously undertaken, including any risks associated with a reduction
of international operations following termination
of the Microsoft commercial agreement, the risk that NOOK Media is not able to perform its obligations under the Pearson and Samsung commercial agreements and the consequences thereof, the risks associated with the termination
of Microsoft commercial agreement, including potential customer losses, risks associated with the restatement contained in, the delayed filing
of, and the material weakness in internal controls described in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 27, 2013, risks associated with the SEC investigation disclosed in the quarterly report on Form 10 - Q for the fiscal quarter ended October 26, 2013, risks associated with the ongoing efforts to rationalize the NOOK business and the expected costs and benefits
of such efforts and associated risks and other
factors which may be outside of Barnes & Noble's control, including those factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended May 3, 2014, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors which may be outside
of Barnes & Noble's control, including those
factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended May 3, 2014, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk
Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended May 3, 2014, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended May 3, 2014, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with the SEC.
Such statements reflect the current views
of Barnes & Noble with respect to future events, the outcome
of which is subject to certain risks, including, among others, the general economic environment and consumer spending patterns, decreased consumer demand for Barnes & Noble's products, low growth or declining sales and
net income due to various
factors, including store closings, higher - than - anticipated or increasing costs, including with respect to store closings, relocation, occupancy (including in connection with lease renewals) and labor costs, the effects of competition, the risk of insufficient access to financing to implement future business initiatives, risks associated with data privacy and information security, risks associated with Barnes & Noble's supply chain, including possible delays and disruptions and increases in shipping rates, various risks associated with the digital business, including the possible loss of customers, declines in digital content sales, risks and costs associated with ongoing efforts to rationalize the digital business and the digital business not being able to perform its obligations under the Samsung commercial agreement and the consequences thereof, the risk that financial and operational forecasts and projections are not achieved, the performance of Barnes & Noble's initiatives including but not limited to its new store concept and e-commerce initiatives, unanticipated adverse litigation results or effects, potential infringement of Barnes & Noble's intellectual property by third parties or by Barnes & Noble of the intellectual property of third parties, and other factors, including those factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors, including store closings, higher - than - anticipated or increasing costs, including with respect to store closings, relocation, occupancy (including in connection with lease renewals) and labor costs, the
effects of competition, the risk
of insufficient access to financing to implement future business initiatives, risks associated with data privacy and information security, risks associated with Barnes & Noble's supply chain, including possible delays and disruptions and increases in shipping rates, various risks associated with the digital business, including the possible loss
of customers, declines in digital content sales, risks and costs associated with ongoing efforts to rationalize the digital business and the digital business not being able to perform its obligations under the Samsung commercial agreement and the consequences thereof, the risk that financial and operational forecasts and projections are not achieved, the performance
of Barnes & Noble's initiatives including but not limited to its new store concept and e-commerce initiatives, unanticipated adverse litigation results or
effects, potential infringement
of Barnes & Noble's intellectual property by third parties or by Barnes & Noble
of the intellectual property
of third parties, and other
factors, including those factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors, including those
factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
factors discussed in detail in Item 1A, «Risk
Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with t
Factors,» in Barnes & Noble's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, and in Barnes & Noble's other filings made hereafter from time to time with the SEC.
The
net effect of these three splits was to increase the number
of shares held by a
factor of 4.5.
This is what I get out
of it: the Arctic - ice - albedo situation is more complicated than earlier thought (due to clouds, sun - filled summers, dark winters, etc), but
NET EFFECT, the ice loss and all these other related
factors (some negative feedbacks) act as a positive feedback and enhance global warming.
If this is wrong, and the
net effect of all these
factors is a negative feedback, please let me know.
Losses
of compounds due to
factors other than ventilation (i.e., sink
effects) were ignored; consequently, the calculated values were
net rates.
Assuming that scientists haven't left out anything vital, this suggests that the
net effect of water - based feedbacks is positive and would amplify GHG - induced warming by more than a
factor of two.Many assumptions have been made, but the historical evidence increases our confidence in model results.
So, unless you can provide me with the balance sheet, taking into account all the
factors that I mention in my dissertation, WE don't know if the
net effect of more CO2 in the atmosphere is that
of warming, cooling, or simply (close to) zero.
Factors that resulted in a net cooling or a net effect close to zero aren't really relevant, nor are climate dynamics that affect the rate of warming as a function of ocean heat uptake, since that does not significantly affect the apportionment of warming among different f
Factors that resulted in a
net cooling or a
net effect close to zero aren't really relevant, nor are climate dynamics that affect the rate
of warming as a function
of ocean heat uptake, since that does not significantly affect the apportionment
of warming among different
factorsfactors.
And thirty years later, there is vigorous debate over the magnitude
of both natural and anthropogenic
factors, and how opposite
effects of the latter (SO2 cooling versus CO2 warming)
net out.
The
net effect of this new information is that the model - derived (2xCO2) ECS may have been overestimated by a
factor of 2 or so, and that a more correct estimate might be 1.6 to 1.7 C rather than 3.2 C.
And what exactly would be changed, if the public were educated about aerosols and greenhouse gases and temperature histories and the fact that at least 50 %
of the 0.5 - 0.9 C change compared to 200 years ago is with 90 to 99 % likelihood due to the
net effect of anthropogenic
factors?
Well it's even more complex than that because the
net warming from humans doesn't just involve CO2, but other greenhouse gases and it
factors in the cooling
effect of aerosols being dwarfed by the CO2 forcing.
SCC is effectively an estimate
of the direct
effects of carbon emissions on the economy, and takes into consideration such
factors as
net agricultural productivity loss, human health
effects, property damages from sea level rise, and changes in ecosystem services.
(PS — I don't remember my entire comment, but part
of it had to do with the fact that in dividing up attribution for the forcings responsible for post-1950 warming, uncertainties regarding anthropogenic sulfate aerosols are not particularly important, because their
net cooling
effect wouldn't influence the percentage apportionment among the warming
factors)
The IPCC overestimates CO2
net forcing
effect by at least a
factor of 2.
However — a group
of scientists
of the US Department
of Energy Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the University
of Maryland and the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem now say that aerosol pollution does not necessarily lead to (low - lying) stratus clouds one would appreciate for climatic cooling, but that it can also be a
factor in the creation
of thunderstorm clouds, clouds that have a complicated climate
effect, but that are suspected
of being
net warmers.
The
net effect of these two
factors has been imprinted on the raw data, so I'm not completely surprised that the form
of the adjustments can be discerned in them.
I'll try to respond in more detail later, but I'd like to note that the anthropogenic contribution is not necessarily bounded at 100 %, since natural
factors could in theory have contributed a cooling
effect (also in a period
of net warming; that does not negate the cooling argument).
Both casual relationships are operative at all times: In the 19th and 20th centuries, the temperature - driving CO2 causal relationship amplified the original temperature
effect, as one
of several
factors leading to a
net positive feedback on temperature due to CO2 increase, and a climate sensitivity
of about 3C for a doubling
of CO2 — a number verified multiple times by calculation from proxy data from multiple epochs in Earths prehistoric past.
Bart Verheggen: I'll try to respond in more detail later, but I'd like to note that the anthropogenic contribution is not necessarily bounded at 100 %, since natural
factors could in theory have contributed a cooling
effect (also in a period
of net warming; that does not negate the cooling argument).