They focus on
net fund alphas, meaning after - fee returns in excess of the risk - free rate, adjusted for
exposures to three kinds of risk factors well known at the start of the sample period: (1) traditional equity
market, bond
market and credit factors; (2) dynamic
stock size,
stock value,
stock momentum and currency carry factors; and, (3) a volatility factor specified as monthly returns from buying one - month, at ‐ the ‐ money S&P 500 Index calls and puts and holding
to expiration.